The 10 Best Books for Freelance Writers

Most writers agree that the best way to improve your craft is to read (and write) often. Whether you’re a seasoned professional or making your freelance writing debut, there are books that can help you write better copy, better manage your client relationships, and find better work-life balance. I’ve combined some of my favorites along with some industry leading titles to bring you the 10 best books that every freelance writer should read. On Starting Out There are plenty of guides available on how to become a freelance writer (I mean, we made one too.) But if you’re looking for a different perspective on becoming a freelance writer, then consider checking out some of these books. 1. Word Work: Surviving and Thriving as a Writer There is plenty of advice around on how to write or how to make money online – instead, this book focuses on how to be a writer. Author, Bruce Rogers, takes readers through various aspects of a writer’s life, such as the managing writer’s block, working towards long-term happiness, and handling both rejection and success. If you’re considering breaking into the freelance writing scene, consider checking out this book first. 2. The Successful Author Mindset: A Handbook for Surviving the Writer’s Journey Many of the struggles writers face on their journey to success are mental. Self-doubt, perfectionism, and fear of failure are common in writers of all types. Joanna Penn approaches these topics and more in this writer survival guide. While the book focuses on more traditional publishing, freelance writers can take value from the read as well. On Creating Content 3. Everybody Writes: Your Go-To Guide to Creating Ridiculously GoodContent If you work in the content writing space, then you know Ann Handley. She is a writing and digital marketing veteran and a Wall Street Journal bestselling author. Content has become a central part of nearly every digital marketing campaign, which means that the ability to write ridiculously good content is more important than ever. Simply put, Everybody Writes is your handbook for creating flat out amazing content. If you spend any time writing for businesses, then I’d suggest checking out The Content Code for its well-referenced and well-thought advice. Written by Mark Schaefer, a best-selling author and prolific business writer, this book will give you hundreds of practical strategies and ideas for creating content that moves. It also covers topics like content distribution and how to articulate a brand through content. On Getting Clients 5. How to Get Freelance Clients This book is a collaborative effort by 3 freelance writing all-stars, Carol Tice, Linda Formichelli, and Chris Marlow and is filled with advice on how to attract and land writing clients. Whether you’re looking to find your first clients or expand your practice, this book can offer some useful advice on finding, approaching, and landing new clients. 6. How Clients Buy: A Practical Guide to Business Development for Consulting Professionals For many freelance writers, sales are the toughest part of the job. But that’s because they’re too focused on selling rather than building relationships. How Clients Buy will reinvent the way to approach and speak with potential clients, focusing more on building rapport and trust before trying to close the deal. On Motivation and Balance 7. The Power of Full Engagement: Managing Energy, Not Time, Is the Key to High Performance and Personal Renewal Managing yourself is an incredibly important skill for any freelancer to have. While most productivity wisdom focuses on managing your time this book takes a different approach, suggesting that you instead focus on managing their energy. While not specifically written for writers, this book gives you a scientifically based method for better managing your energy – and how many of us couldn’t use a little more of that? 8. A Writer’s Guide to Persistence: How to Create a Lasting and Productive Writing Practice â€Å"Practice. Polish. Persist.† This book’s mantra should be written on a sticky note stuck to your laptop. The journey to becoming a successful freelance writer is far from straight, but this advice can take anyone from beginner to expert, it’s just a matter of time. On Social Media 9. Jab, Jab, Jab, Right Hook: How to Tell Your Story in a Noisy Social World Freelance writers that can tell a business’s story really, really well are enjoying a lot of success at the moment, and that doesn’t look changing anytime soon. Jab, Jab, Jab, Right Hook is written by social media legend Gary Vaynerchuk and explores how to create content for social media that engages readers and knocks out the competition. While it’s mainly geared toward marketers, writers can definitely take some gems from this book. Bonus 10. Start with Why: How Great Leaders Inspire Everyone to Take Action You might be wondering why I’d include a book on â€Å"great leaders† in this list. Well, let me start with why. The goal of nearly all business writing it to engage readers and inspire them to take an action. Regardless of what that action is, whether it’s to buy a product, book a demo, or schedule a call, how you inspire people is the same. Start with Why breaks down how to make real connections with people by focusing on the â€Å"why† rather than the â€Å"what† or â€Å"how.† While many businesses are focused on what they do and how they do it, many of the most successful campaigns instead focus on why. If you can master this principle and learn how to write copy that truly inspires readers, you won’t have any shortage of eager clients knocking at your door. Well there you have it, the 10 best books for freelance writers. Have you already read any of these books? Any notable omissions? Share your thoughts in the comments! Looking to land your next freelance writing client? Constant Content makes it easy for you to sell articles and land writing clients.

Biography of Sir Winston Churchill, UK Prime Minister

Biography of Sir Winston Churchill, UK Prime Minister Winston Churchill (November 30, 1874–January 24, 1965) was a legendary orator, a prolific writer, an earnest artist, and a long-term British statesman. Yet Churchill, who twice served as prime minister of the United Kingdom, is best remembered as the tenacious and forthright war leader that led his country against the seemingly undefeatable Nazis during World War II. Fast Facts: Winston Churchill Known For: Prime minister of the United Kingdom during World War IIAlso Known As: Sir Winston Leonard Spencer ChurchillBorn: November 30, 1874 in Blenheim, Oxfordshire, EnglandParents: Lord Randolph Churchill, Jennie JeromeDied: January 24, 1965 in Kensington,  London, EnglandEducation: Harrow School, Royal Military Academy, SandhurstPublished Works:  Marlborough: His Life and Times, The Second World War, six volumes, A History of the English- Speaking Peoples, four volumes, The World Crisis, My Early LifeAwards and Honors: Privy Council of the United Kingdom, Order of Merit,  Honorary Citizen of the United States, Nobel Prize in LiteratureSpouse: Clementine HozierChildren: Diana, Randolph, Marigold, Sarah, MaryNotable Quote: The mood of  Britain  is wisely and rightly averse from every form of shallow or premature exultation. This is no time for boasts or glowing prophecies, but there is this- a year ago our position looked forlorn, and well nigh desperate, to all eyes but our own. Today we may say aloud before an awe-struck world, ‘We are still masters of our fate. We still are captain of our souls. Early Life Winston Churchill was born on November 30, 1874 at his grandfathers home, Blenheim Palace in Marlborough, England. His father, Lord Randolph Churchill, was a member of the British Parliament and his mother, Jennie Jerome, was an American heiress. Six years after Winstons birth, his brother Jack was born. Since Churchills parents traveled extensively and led busy social lives, Churchill spent most of his younger years with his nanny, Elizabeth Everest. It was Mrs. Everest who nurtured Churchill and cared for him during his many childhood illnesses. Churchill stayed in touch with her until her death in 1895. At age 8, Churchill was sent off to boarding school. He was never an excellent student but he was well-liked and was known as a bit of a troublemaker. In 1887, the 12-year-old Churchill was accepted to the prestigious Harrow school, where he began studying military tactics. After graduating from Harrow, Churchill was accepted into the Royal Military College, Sandhurst in 1893. In December 1894, Churchill graduated near the top of his class and was given a commission as a cavalry officer. Churchill, the Soldier and War Correspondent After seven months of basic training, Churchill was given his first leave. Instead of going home to relax, Churchill wanted to see action; so he traveled to Cuba to watch Spanish troops put down a rebellion. Churchill didnt go just as an interested soldier, however. He made plans to be a war correspondent for Londons The Daily Graphic. It was the beginning of a long writing career. When his leave was up, Churchill traveled with his regiment to India. Churchill also saw action in India when fighting Afghan tribes. This time, again not just a soldier, Churchill wrote letters to Londons The Daily Telegraph. From these experiences, Churchill also wrote his first book, The Story of the Malakand Field Force (1898). Churchill then joined Lord Kitcheners expedition in the Sudan while also writing for The Morning Post. After seeing a lot of action in the Sudan, Churchill used his experiences to write The River War (1899). Again wanting to be at the scene of the action, Churchill managed in 1899 to become the war correspondent for The Morning Post during the Boer War in South Africa. Not only was Churchill shot at, but he was also captured. After spending nearly a month as a prisoner of war, Churchill managed to escape and miraculously made it to safety. He also turned these experiences into a book he titled, London to Ladysmith via Pretoria (1900). Becoming a Politician While fighting in all these wars, Churchill decided he wanted to help make policy, not just follow it. So when the 25-year-old returned to England as both a famous author and a war hero, he was able to successfully run for election as a member of Parliament (MP). This was the start of Churchills very long political career. Churchill quickly became known for being outspoken and full of energy. He gave speeches against tariffs and in support of social changes for the poor. It soon became clear that he did not hold the beliefs of the Conservative Party, so he switched to the Liberal Party in 1904. In 1905, the Liberal Party won the national election and Churchill was asked to become the under-secretary of state at the Colonial Office. Churchills dedication and efficiency earned him an excellent reputation and he was quickly promoted. In 1908, he was made president of the Board of Trade (a cabinet position) and in 1910, Churchill was made home secretary (a more important cabinet position). In October 1911, Churchill was made first lord of the Admiralty, which meant he was in charge of the British Navy. Worried about Germanys growing military strength, he spent the next three years working diligently to strengthen the service. Family Churchill was a very busy man. He was nearly continuously writing books, articles, and speeches while holding important government positions. However, he made time for romance when he met Clementine Hozier in March 1908. The two were engaged on August 11 of that same year and married just a month later on September 12, 1908. Winston and Clementine had five children together and remained married until Winstons death at age 90. Churchill and World War I When the war began in 1914, Churchill was praised for the work he had done behind the scenes to prepare Great Britain for war. However, things quickly started to go badly for him. Churchill had always been energetic, determined, and confident. Couple these traits with the fact that Churchill liked to be part of the action and you have Churchill trying to have his hands in all military matters, not only those dealing with the navy. Many felt that Churchill overstepped his position. Then came the Dardanelles campaign. It was meant to be a combined naval and infantry attack on the Dardanelles in Turkey, but when things went badly for the British, Churchill was blamed for the whole thing. Since both the public and officials turned against Churchill after the Dardanelles disaster, Churchill was swiftly moved out of government. Forced Out of Politics Churchill was devastated to have been forced out of politics. Although he was still a member of Parliament, it just wasnt enough to keep such an active man busy. Churchill became depressed and worried that his political life was completely over. It was during this time that Churchill learned to paint. It started as a way for him to escape the doldrums, but like everything he did, he worked diligently to improve himself. Churchill continued to paint for the rest of his life. For nearly two years, Churchill was kept out of politics. Then in July 1917, Churchill was invited back and given the position of minister of munitions. The following year, he was named secretary of state for war and air, which put him in charge of bringing all the British soldiers home. A Decade in Politics and a Decade Out The 1920s had its ups and downs for Churchill. In 1921, he was made the secretary of state for the British colonies but only a year later he lost his MP seat while in the hospital with acute appendicitis. Out of office for two years, Churchill found himself leaning again toward the Conservative Party. In 1924, Churchill won a seat as an MP, but this time with Conservative backing. Considering he had just returned to the Conservative Party, Churchill was quite surprised to be given the very important position of chancellor of the exchequer in the new conservative government that same year. Churchill held this position for nearly five years. In addition to his political career, Churchill spent the 1920s writing his monumental, six-volume work on World War I called The World Crisis (1923-1931). When the Labour Party won the national election in 1929, Churchill was once again out of government. For 10 years, he held his MP seat but did not hold a major government position. However, this didnt slow him down. Churchill continued to write, finishing a number of books including his autobiography, My Early Life. He continued to give speeches, many of them warning of Germanys growing power. He also continued to paint and learned bricklaying. By 1938, Churchill was speaking out openly against British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlains plan of appeasement with Nazi Germany. When Nazi Germany attacked Poland, Churchills fears had proved correct. The public once again realized that Churchill had seen this coming. After 10 years out of the government, on September 3, 1939, just two days after Nazi Germany attacked Poland, Churchill was asked to once again become the first lord of the Admiralty. Churchill Leads Great Britain in WWII When Nazi Germany attacked France on May 10, 1940, it was time for Chamberlain to step down as prime minister. Appeasement hadnt worked; it was time for action. The same day that Chamberlain resigned, King George VI asked Churchill to become prime minister. Just three days later, Churchill gave his Blood, Toil, Tears, and Sweat speech in the House of Commons. This speech was just the first of many morale-boosting speeches made by Churchill to inspire the British to keep fighting against a seemingly invincible enemy. Churchill spurred himself and everyone around him to prepare for war. He also actively courted the United States to join in the hostilities against Nazi Germany. Also, despite Churchills extreme dislike for the communist Soviet Union, his pragmatic side realized he needed their help. By joining forces with both the United States and the Soviet Union, Churchill not only saved Britain but helped save all of Europe from the domination of Nazi Germany. Falls Out of Power, Then Back in Again Although Churchill was given credit for inspiring his nation to win World War II, by the end of the war in Europe, many felt he had lost touch with the daily lives of the people. After suffering through years of hardship, the public didnt want to go back to the hierarchical society of pre-war Britain. They wanted change and equality. On July 15, 1945, the election results from the national election came in and the Labour Party had won. The following day, Churchill, age 70, resigned as prime minister. Churchill remained active. In 1946, he went on a lecture tour in the United States that included his very famous speech, The Sinews of Peace, in which he warned of an iron curtain descending upon Europe. Churchill also continued to make speeches in the House of Commons and to relax at his home and paint. Churchill also continued to write. He used this time to start his six-volume work, The Second World War (1948-1953). Six years after resigning as prime minister, Churchill was again asked to lead Britain. On October 26, 1951, Churchill began his second term as prime minister of the United Kingdom. During his second term, Churchill focused on foreign affairs because he was very worried about the atomic bomb. On June 23, 1953, Churchill suffered a severe stroke. Although the public wasnt told about it, those close to Churchill thought he would have to resign. Surprising everyone, Churchill recovered from the stroke and got back to work. On April 5, 1955, 80-year-old Winston Churchill resigned as prime minister due to failing health. Retirement In his final retirement, Churchill continued to write, finishing his four-volume A History of the English Speaking Peoples (1956-1958). Churchill also continued to give speeches and to paint. During his later years, Churchill earned three impressive awards. On April 24, 1953, Churchill was made knight of the garter by Queen Elizabeth II, making him Sir Winston Churchill. Later that same year, Churchill was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. Ten years later, on April 9, 1963, President John F. Kennedy awarded Churchill with honorary U.S. citizenship. Death In June 1962, Churchill broke his hip after falling out of his hotel bed. On January 10, 1965, he suffered a massive stroke. He fell into a coma and died on January 24, 1965, at age 90. Churchill had remained a member of Parliament until a year before his death. Legacy Churchill was a gifted statesman, writer, painter, orator, and soldier. Probably his most significant legacy is as a statesman who led his nation and the world during World War II. Both his actions and his words had a profound impact on the outcome of the war. Sources â€Å"The International Churchill Society.†Nicholas, Herbert G. â€Å"Winston Churchill.†Ã‚  Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, 26 Mar. 2019.â€Å"Past Prime Ministers.†Ã‚  History of Sir Winston Churchill - GOV.UK.

Journalism, Mass Media and Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Journalism, Mass Media and Communication - Essay Example Journalism is an activity that can be described as one that defines journalists. It is the system in which journalists get to engage the public, and this can be in terms of written, visual or audio material. Journalism is done with the intention of bringing the news to the public. It is about making the community aware of their surroundings. Through journalism, mass media and communication, the public is able to know how the world they live in operates. They have a sense of guidance and cause change in places is needed. The ongoing events in the day to day lives partly depend on the influence of journalists. This is the reason why mass media is a very important tool in any country. They are able to influence what people think, see and hear. They are able to make stories and events known within a short time. The media is an important tool, one which is used to inform on upcoming events that might directly affect the people. Over the years, the mass media has faced criticism, praise an d also ridicule because of the way they have handled themselves. In modern times, the press has been used to make false statements, show false news, hide some information and also reveal some of the worst known secrets. Journalists have been put in the spotlight over the various news that they have written. They have been charged with intimidation, violence and harassment, but all this is because of the temperament of their occupation. There are different forms of providing news to the public. They include broadcasting over the television and radio stations, newspapers, journals, magazines, and the other important one is the internet. In this essay, attention will be focused towards the newspaper section and its popularity and influence in the United States and China. The newspaper section takes up a lot of heat when it comes to the transmission of news to the public (Hallin & Mancini, 2004). A newspaper is a publication that is periodical and contains news that regard the current a tmosphere and events. It covers the diverse features, editorials, and the advertising bit of marketing. The newspaper can be termed as one of the greatest prominent mass media device that exists. This is because they are printed daily, and are relatively cheap and contain a lot of information regarding the current events and happenings of a place. There are millions of newspaper copies that are sold on a daily basis because they do cover a lot of published material. Some of the things published in a newspaper include editorial opinions about the writing, criticism of or for the writing, persuasion publishing and op-ed, obituaries, entertainment facilities and features that include things such as  crosswords,  Sudoku  and horoscopes (Hallin & Mancini, 2004). There are also news about the weather and  forecasts on certain areas and places. There are also the facilities of advice,  food  and other columns such as reviews of ‘radio’, ‘movies’, †˜television’, ‘plays’ and ‘restaurants’. The newspaper also has  classified advertisements that include the ‘radio’ and ‘television’ listings, inserts from ‘local merchants’,  cartoons and comics. These are just some of the facilities that a newspaper carries. It is because of the various facilities that it offers that it gets the popularity. Newspaper popularity in the United States is less pronounced and common than in the republic of China. When looking at the popularity of the newspaper in the United States, it is safe to say that the newspaper industry in the United States supplies fewer newspapers in a day than their Chinese counterparts. Looking at the average of the newspaper circulation between the United States and China, it is safe to say that newspapers are less popular in the United States than in China and Japan (Hallin & Mancini, 2004). There are many factors that can attribute to this. One i mportant factor is the factor that concerns

Latin Western European Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Latin Western European Culture - Essay Example In Latin America, people shake hands when they meet someone and again when they part. Latin Americans also like to stay close when talking. The part that time plays in social events also differs. If a person is invited to someone's house in Europe for a meal, he or she should arrive on time. However, in Latin America, he or she should arrive at least one hour late. This is the. case for business appointments as well as for social events. In some countries, 'tomorrow' does not necessarily mean the day after. Americans are always in a hurry. They want to get on with whatever it is. Some other countries like to spend more time with preliminary discussions. Talking, negotiating and bargaining are all parts of the game. In Latin countries, as well as in the Middle and Far East, haggling over prices is expected (Newman and Nollen 1996). Following Hofstede's theory, in Latin America, power distance is high. It is a collectivist culture in which family and family relations play a crucial role. Latin America can be seen as a combination of masculine and feminine characteristics of culture. The main masculine traits are (1) aggressiveness and (2) ambition. The main feminine factors are: close relations and high sensitivity. The power distance of a culture is reflected in the superior subordinate relations in business organizations. A short power distance is an inducement to greater volume and variety of vertical communication and participative decision style(Hofstede 1996). It is common for such countries to advocate participation in the manager's decisions by his or her subordinates; however, the initiative towards this is supposed to be taken by the manager. The status of the individual in the West is tied to education and knowledge and, as mentioned before, in the American type of culture, experts are treated with g reat respect and loyalties to a profession are greater than loyalties to the company. Latin Americans have little experience of working in formal organizations which, combined with belonging to a high-contextual culture, means that much of what goes on as planning, supervising and controlling is more symbolic than substantive, as will be seen. Many Latin American institutions and business organizations are not very efficient, which is one reason why Latin American executives prefer to use personal (family and friendship) ties instead of formal channels and apply a very personalized and informal management style (Owen and Scherer 2002). In business, Latin American managers not only value change relatively highly but also value caution less. This suggests an active or dynamic orientation and a willingness to make risky decisions. Uncertainty of life is accepted as normal, and economic risks are judged by potential rewards. The action culture in Latin America has made available the mass-produced goods the Latin American market wants -- better than anyone else has. Latin Americans consider it almost a right to be materially well off and physically comfortable. They expect convenient transport, a variety of clean and healthful foods and comfortable homes equipped with labor-saving devices. The high value placed on materialism in the culture is sometimes reflected in an ethnocentric attitude towards other individuals,

Virtues of Saint Monica and Rebekah Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Virtues of Saint Monica and Rebekah - Essay Example Saint Monica of Hippo is a Christian saint and the mother of Saint Augustine (Bohol Philippines Travel Guide). Saint Monica was a Berber descent, the indigenous people of North Africa, but she has never showed an attitude of an unschooled, undisciplined person. Instead, she grew to be virtuous despite the many temptations to be proud and rebellious (Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.). Saint Monica’s virtues were highlighted in her marriage. Although she was brought up a Christian but her parents married her to an older pagan, Patricius, who was also occupying an official position (Pope Hugh). The character of her husband was a true test to her faith. His temper was said to be violent and he was observed to have been of dissolute habits, making Monica's married life far from being a happy one (Pope Hugh). Patricius was also written to have given to adultery while married to Monica. Patricius was written to have been annoyed with Monica’s alms deeds and habit of prayer (Bohol Philippines Travel Guide). Saint Monica also received quite an amount of hurts from her mother in-law who seemed to dislike her (Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.). Monica was living in a society with prevalent domestic violence, but something in Monica made her different from the rest of the women and she enjoined them to follow her steps. What made Monica survive the tests of faith and why she was able to convert her husband and her children to faith in Christianity? During the difficult times that Monica was facing, she did not rebelled against God. Her situation seemed to have brought her closer to God rather than away from him. "Monica attended church daily and cultivated the virtue of patience" (Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.). Her advice to the other advised other wives, who were beaten was to hold their tongues around their husbands, rather than proudly withstand them (Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.). Her virtue was that of submission of obedience, as Saint Augustine, her son said that although domestic violence was prevalent that time, her mother was never beaten by his father because of her obedience (Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.). Specifically, she was quoted saying "If you can master your tongue, not only do you run less risk of being beaten, but perhaps you may even, one day, make your husband better" (Bohol Philippines Travel Guide). These virtues and wisdom, in addition to her sweetness and patience made her exercise a veritable apostolate am ong the wives and mother in her community. Monica bore her burdens patiently that's why even though her husband was causing her pain, their life together was relatively peaceful (Women for Faith & Family). She also continued with helping other people despite the resistance from her husband. It was because she exercised the power of prayer that she was able to withstand the temptations to be in despair and to rebel against her husband. Through much prayer, she was able to convert her husband into Christianity a year before he died. It took her 30 years to pray for her husband (Bohol Philippines Travel Guide). It was such a marvellous victory for Saint Monica. More victoriously, she was also able to win her mother-in law through her gentleness, respectfulness and patience (Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.). Aside from being patient, gentle, obedient, respectful and fervent in prayer, Monica showed persistence in asking help for her son. It was written that Monica asked help from a bishop who also used Manichaean before he became a Christian for several times although she was always rejected. In the end, the bishop consoled Monica saying, "the child of those tears shall never perish" which she took as a sign from God (Women for Faith & Family). Monica's persistence was shown more dramatically when she followed her wayward and dissolute son

Mentor Impact on Student Nurse Experience

Mentor Impact on Student Nurse Experience Explore the impact of the mentor on the learning experience of the student nurse The current study reports the findings of a systematic literature review of research regarding the mentorship of student nurses. Mentorship was evaluated in terms of its development, implementation, outcomes and wider effects and the identified research was presented and critically analysed with reference to each of these areas. It was found that although mentorship was based on policy and standards, the mentor role and mentorship relationship still remain unclear and requires further clarification. A need was also identified for the supervision and monitoring of both mentors and student nurses to be expanded with mentors being more available and the whole process being more regularly audited. Mentorship was found to indirectly enhance skill development through support, socialisation and the provision of opportunities to gain clinical experience. By creating appositive learning environment and mentorship relationship the mentor can maximise the probability that their student nurses will acquire the skills necessary to be an effective nurse. The effect of mentorship on patient care was identified as a complex issue with it being difficult to make confident conclusions regarding the size of any effect. It does appear that mentors can indirectly improve patient care by enhancing nursing skills in their students. Finally, the mentor can play a role in creating the learning environment and mentorship relationship which can help to ensure that the student nurses have a positive learning experience. The limitations which are associated with the methodology which was employed within this research are discussed along with the implications of the findings of this research for practice and future research projects in this field. It is concluded that mentorship has the potential to have a number of benefits for student nurses but that further research and improvements are required in each of the evaluation areas such that the effectiveness and feasibility of student nurse education can be maximised along with the quality of the care which is subsequently provided to patients. 2.0 Introduction The world of nursing has gone through a period of significant change over the last ten years. In the acute nursing environment, nurses arousing increasingly more complex health care interventions and have to incorporate the use of advances in both medical technology and disease management. Within primary care, nurses are required to face the burden of chronic disease and to facilitate patients beginning to self-manage their own health. S uch changes have been made as a result of Governmental policy and strategic approaches. For example, a Governmental economic review conducted by Winless (2002 and 2004)advocated changes to how services are organised and delivered. Such changes have resulted in there being a range of extra demands being placed upon the nurse, both during and after their training. The Royal College of Nursing (2004a and 2004b) acknowledged the change which is occurring and stated that nurse education needs to be assessed and adapted to meet the changing role of the nurse. Nurses are now required to undertake tasks which were traditionally performed by doctors. These developments have ensured that the issue of the effectiveness of a nurse’s training is of up most importance. Through these changes the need for effective mentorship within nursing has become ever more salient. As a result of the potential effects which mentor/student nurse relationship can have on the student’s learning, their experience of training, their subsequent performance on the training course, their future effectiveness as a nurse and ultimately on the quality of the care which is provided by the nurses, it is an important topic to consider within the field of adult nursing. Thus the mentor/student nurse relationship needs to be evaluated. People have been interested in relationships throughout history. As far back as the ancient times, Aristotle and Cicero were commenting and theorising about relationships (Poulakis 1997). In more recent years, novelists, play-writes, biographers and clinicians have all been interested in the study of relationships in terms of why they matter, how they work and how one can improve their effectiveness and efficacy(Wood and Duck 1995). However, it has only been in the last 50 years that researchers have started to empirically investigate inter-relationships between people. Such work has been undertaken from wide variety of perspectives including anthropology, child development, cognitive science, communication, social psychology, sociology, psychiatry and psychotherapy to mention just a few (Hinde1997). The focus of such researchers has started to address the issues regarding relationships between staff within the health care industry. This systematic review will focus on addressing the relationship between a mentor and a student nurse. Whenever one is considering these of a given intervention within a health care setting, any conclusions must be based upon the scientific research which has investigated its effectiveness and efficacy via methodologically sound techniques. Any such analysis will need to consider four key aspects, each of these will be the focus of this systematic review. The first key element of evaluation concerns the development of the intervention. Therefore this review will consider research which has assessed the theoretical and conceptual foundation of mentorship within nursing. This section will include a discussion of whether the mentoring of student nurses is based on policy or a set of standards. The second area of focus for this review relates to the implementation of the intervention. Clearly whenever one is analysing the effectiveness and efficacy of an intervention, one must consider the way in which the intervention is operationalized and implemented as this will be likely to significantly affect the ultimate success of the intervention. This section will address the way in which mentorship is employed for student nurses and whether or not sufficient measures have been put into place to ensure that the benefits of mentorship are maximised and that any potential drawbacks are minimised. The extent to which this mentoring is adequately supervised, monitored and audited will be assessed and critically analysed. The third key aspect of any evaluation process concerns the outcome of an intervention. Clearly an intervention can be assessed with regards to a wide range of outcomes such as economic factors, staff perceptions and customer perceptions. With regards to mentorship, it is important that it is evaluated in terms of the perceptions of the mentors, the student nurses and the patients such that a comprehensive evaluation of its outcomes can be achieved. As well as the perceptions of those involved, this section will address whether or not mentorship improves nursing skills and hence whether it helps to improve the care which is received by patients. The fourth and final area of evaluation which will be addressed by this systematic review concerns the wider impact of the intervention. As well as focussing on the direct effects of a strategy, it is also important to consider the effect which the intervention has on other relevant issues. In terms of mentorship in nursing, this will relate tissues such as whether or not a rewarding learning experience is related to the quality of the relationship that a student nurse has with their mentor. Although the focus of mentorship may be on improving the student nurses’ skills, it is important to critically evaluate the effect which mentorship has on the student nurses’ experiences of their training programme as this could influence their subsequent career choices. The following review will first provide some background information regarding the topic of mentorship and student nurses. The methodology which was employed within this systematic review will then be outlined. The findings of the systematic review will then be critically analysed in terms of the key evaluation aspects of development, implementation, outcomes and wider impacts The main findings of this research will then be summarised before the limitations which are associated with this research project are outlined and discussed. Finally the implications of the findings of this research will be considered along with the areas which should be the focus of future research projects within the field of mentorship and student nurses. 3.0 Background A significant amount of research has Been conducted regarding adult learning and mentorship within nursing (Bernard 1990). The teaching of student nurses has undergone significant changes in the past 20 years. These changes have particularly taken place as a result of Project 2000which changed the education of pre-registration nurses (United Kingdom Central Council for Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting 1986). The previous diploma level system was replaced by the Common Foundation Programme which is comprised of the four branches of Adult, Child, Learning Disability and Mental Health. Through this process, registered nurses took responsibility for the learning of student nurses. The role of the nurse is adapting to incorporate these responsibilities with the Royal College of Nursing (2004a and 2004b) calling for a particular focus upon Quality, Flexibility and Diversity. Much has been written about the practitioner as facilitator, supervisor, assessor and role model, and the overlay of role functions (Bailey 1992, Clarke et al1986, Heron 1977, Mason 1987, Myrick and Wane 1988, Windsor 1987.Despite this, there is still a lack of consensus within the literature in terms of a clear definition of what is meant by the term ‘mentor’(Hearty 1986, Morel 1990 and Phillips et al 1996). It has been argued that the task of defining the term mentor is made more complicated byte fact that other terms are used, such as assessor, facilitator and supervisor, to describe the same role (Phillips et al 1996). As result of the wide range of aspects of the role which is played by mentor, it can be stated that a definition of mentor can only be general description as anything more specific would run the risk of excluding important elements of the position (Davies et al 1994). Forth purposes of the following review, the definition of mentor which was provided by Woolskin (1982) will be adopted: ‘Mentorship is a relationship which is aimed at guiding the novice towards an established place within the profession’ (Woolskin 1982) In the nursing profession the aims of the mentor will be to form relationship with their student nurses which helps the student to be successful in their training programme and to go on to be effective nurses in the future. Jarvis (1995) emphasised that it is important to focus on the mentor’s role as a function and as a relationship with the student nurse rather than being about them as a teacher or practitioner. Through this role the mentor can help to narrow the gap between theory and practice (Arbitrage and Bernard 1991). Indeed some have argued that mentor is in fact the wrong term to use within the health care industry as it is not equivalent to other industries in which the term mentor is used (Donovan 1990). However one conceptualises mentorship, the benefit of having a good mentor has been reported by student nurses within previous research. Ina longitudinal study, Gary and Smith (2000) interviewed 10 student nurses at five different points throughout their three year training programme. The participants also kept a diary as part of the research. It was reported that the students noted the importance of having mentor which represented a good role model. They also thought that it was important to recognise the likes and dislikes of the mentor as this had the potential to significantly impact on their assessment outcomes. The role of the mentor was found to be particularly beneficial at the beginning of the training process. As the training progresses the students felt that they grew in confidence as they became more competent. This ensured that they were more independent and that they placed a reduced demand on their mentor. Although their continued support was said to help the students finish the course and to choose longer term career in nursing. Therefore it does appear that through effective mentorship, the chances that a student nurse completes their training programme can be increased. Research has investigated the reasons why student nurses fail their training programmes. Two key areas of reasons have been identified. The first relates to the student nurse’s inability to cope with the demands and standards required by the course (Ehrenfeld et al1997 and Fulbrook et al 2000). It could be that a mentor can help to provide support and guidance for the student nurse to improve the chances that they can meet the requirements which are placed upon them and hence complete the training course successfully. The second key area of reasons for failure are those relating to personal factors(MORI 2003 and Royal College of Nursing 2001). This includes a range of possible factors such as financial, health or a change in circumstances. The mentor could also play a role here to help the student nurse manage their problems and to cope with them more effectively. The methodology which was employed within this research will now be outlined. 4.0 Method A systematic review aims to integrate existing information from comprehensive range of sources, utilising a scientific replicable approach, which gives a balanced view, hence minimising bias (Clarke Oman 2001, Hart 1998, Muldrow 1994, Oman and Goat 1993). Another words, a scientific approach will help to ensure that research evidence is either included or excluded based upon well-defined and standardised criteria. This should ensure that the possible effects of researcher bias should be kept to a minimum. Berkley and Glenn (1999)also states that systematic reviews provide a means of integrating valid information from the research literature to provide a basis for rational decision making concerning the provision of healthcare. 4.1 Reviewing Process Whenever one reviews or compares research reports, it is important that clear set of criteria are established upon which the evaluations can be made. Table 1 below outlines the global process which was used to conduct the literature review. This process was based upon that employed by Berkley and Glenn (1999). Each selected article was reviewed with reference to a number of different issues using a Table which was also based on Berkley and Glenn (1999). This review table is displayed in Appendix 1. Once obtained each article will be filed and stored appropriately. A computer-based list will be maintained of the articles which had been reviewed. Table 2: Core Principles Used in Reviewing Selected Research Articles (adapted from McInnis 2004) Systematic reviews Adequate search strategy Inclusion criteria appropriate Quality assessment of included studies undertaken Characteristics and results of included studies appropriately summarized Methods for pooling data Sources of heterogeneity explored Randomised controlled trials Study blinded, if possible Method used to generate randomisation schedule adequate Allocation to treatment groups concealed All randomised participants included in the analysis (intention to treat) Withdrawal/dropout reasons given for each group Cohort All eligible subjects (free of disease/outcome of interested) selected or random sample 80% agreed to participate Subjects free of outcomes on interest at study inception If groups used: comparable at baseline Potential confounders controlled for Measurement of outcomes unbiased (blinded to group) Follow-up sufficient duration Follow-up complete and exclusions accounted for ( 80% included in final analysis) Case control Eligible subjects diagnosed as cases over a defined period of time or defined catchment area or a random sample of such cases Case and control definitions adequate and validated Controls selected from same population as cases Controls representative (individually matched) 80% agreed to participate Exposure status ascertained objectively Potential confounders controlled for Measurement of exposure unbiased (blinded to group) Groups comparable with respect to potential confounders Outcome status ascertained objectively 80% selected subjects included in analysis Cross-sectional/survey Selected subjects are representative (all eligible or a random sample) 80% Subjects agreed to participate Exposure/outcome status ascertained standardized way Qualitative Authors position clearly stated Criteria for selecting sample clearly described Methods of data collection adequately described Analysis method used rigorous (i.e., conceptualised in terms of themes/typologies rather than loose collection of descriptive material) Respondent validation (feedback of data/researchers interpretation to participants) Claims made for generalizability of data Interpretations supported by data 4.2 Sources of Data The methodology employed within the research will involve obtaining data from three key sources: Computerised searches, Manual searches, and the Internet. Each of these data sources will now be considered in more detail. 4.2.1 Computerised Searches The methods used in this research will include a detailed computerised literature search. Multiple databases, both online and CD–Rom will be accessed to retrieve literature because they cite the majority of relevant texts. (Loy 2000 Ford 1999) The computerised bibliographic databases are:- †¢ MEDLINE †¢ EMBASE †¢ CINAHL †¢ PSYCHINFO †¢ British Nursing Info BNI †¢ Cochrane †¢ Science Direct (All Sciences Electronic Journals) †¢ Asia †¢ DETOC †¢ HMIC However because articles may not be correctly indexed within the computerised databases, other strategies will be applied in order to achieve a comprehensive search (Sindh Dickson 1997). 4.2.2 Manual Searches A manual search will be performed to ensure that all relevant literature is accessed. The manual searches will include:- †¢ Books relevant to the topics from university libraries and web sites†¢ Inverse searching- by locating index terms of relevant journal articles and texts †¢ Systematically searching reference lists and bibliographies of relevant journal articles and texts 4.2.3 The Internet The internet will provide a global perspective of the research topic and a searchable database of Internet files collected by a computer. Sites accessed will include:- †¢ Department of Health †¢ National Institute of Clinical Excellence †¢ English National Board of Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting †¢ Google 4.3 Identification of Key Words The selection of key words is an important task as it will have significant impact on the articles which are identified in the search. One must choose appropriate words which maximise the chance that the most appropriate research evidence can be found. Databases use controlled vocabulary of key words, in each citation. To assist direct retrieval of citations techniques Boolean logic will be applied using subject indexing, field searching and truncation to narrow the topic focus (Loy 2000, Hicks 1996, Goodman 1993). As part of this approach, key words will be based on the components of the review question. An imaginative and resourceful technique of searching electronic databases will be used including recognising the inherent faults in the indexing of articles. Misclassification and misspelling will be included in the searches with searches utilising keywords and the subheadings, (Hicks 1996). Based on these principles, the following search terms will be used in different combinations: †¢ Mentorship †¢ Mentor †¢ Student †¢ Nurses †¢ Training †¢ Evaluation Further search terms may be used within the methodology if they are identified within some of the initial search items. Whenever one is searching literature ‘sensitivity’ and ‘’specificity’ are important issues when conducting searches of research on a database. The searches need to be as ‘sensitive’ as is possible to ensure that as many of the relevant articles are located. This may be a particularly salient issue with regards to the evaluation of mentorship in student nursing as the number of appropriate entries may be limited. Thus an attempt to locates many of these articles as possible becomes a more relevant and important objective. Furthermore, the search needs to be ‘specific’ Another words, it needs to be efficient where appropriate so that higher number of the articles identified through a database search can be included and hence the time allocated to reviewing articles which are ultimately of no relevance, can be kept at an acceptable level. 4.4 Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria In order that a manageable quantity of pertinent literature is included in this study, it is essential that inclusion and exclusion criteria are applied. In order that a diverse perspective of the topic is examined broad criteria will be used. (Benignant 1997). However, it is important to note that a balance needs to be achieved through which the scope of the inclusion criteria is sufficiently wide to include relevant articles whilst also being sufficiently specific such that the retrieval of an unmanageable set of articles is avoided. 4.4.1 Inclusion Criteria The articles which are highlighted within the proposed searches will be assessed in terms of whether or not they meet the following criteria. Each article will need to be viewed as appropriate with regards to all of these constraints if they are to be included in the final analysis.>From the pool of data which is obtained, the most appropriate articles which meet these inclusion criteria will be selected for use within the review. †¢ A literature review encompassing all methodologies will be applied ( Pettigrew 2003) †¢ International studies will be included †¢ Available in English †¢ Relate to the evaluation of mentorship within health care †¢ Relate to the training of student nurses †¢ Centre on the elderly population 4.4.2 Exclusion Criteria The articles highlighted by the searches will also be assessed in terms of whether or not they fulfil the following exclusion criteria. If a potential relevant article meets one or more of these criteria then they will be immediately excluded from the data set and will not be included within the analysis stage of the methodology. †¢ Articles relating to mentorship in industries other than health care will not be included †¢ Literature in a foreign language will be excluded because of the cost and difficulties in obtaining translation. †¢ Research reported prior to 1985 will not be included within this review. 4.5 Consideration of Ethical Issues Any research involving NHS patients/service users, carers, NHS data, organs or tissues, NHS staff, or premises requires the approval of ankhs research ethics committee (Department of Health 2001) A literature review involves commenting on the work of others, work that is primarily published or in the public domain. This research methodology does not require access to confidential case records, staff, patients or clients so permission from an ethics committee is not required to carry out the review. However, it is essential to ensure that all direct quotes are correctly referenced. Permission must be sought from the correspondent before any personal communication may be used. All copyrights need to be acknowledged and referenced. The researcher will also act professionally when completing this report and ensure that research is identified, reviewed and reported accurately and on scientific basis. The following set of chapters will now outline the research which has addressed the different aspects of the debate regarding mentorship and student nurse education. The following analysis will be conducted regarding the four different aspects of evaluation. As outlined by Kirkpatrick (1979) it is important to address each stage of any training intervention when conducting an analysis. Therefore, the development, implementation, outcomes and wider impacts of mentorship in student nurse education will all be considered. The most appropriate research regarding each of these four aspects will be critically analysed and compared to other relevant research findings. 5.0 Evaluation of The Development of Mentorship Programmes Whenever one is evaluating a health related intervention, it is important to first consider the policies, standards and theoretical perspectives which underpin the approach. In terms of mentorship, one must address the questions regarding the framework and structure which they are developed in conjunction with and to determine whether or not the approach was developed in an appropriate way. The policies and structures which underpin pre-registration nurses’ education has undergone significant changes in the last twenty years. This was particularly as a result of the introduction of Project 2000 (United Kingdom Central Council for Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting1986). The transformation was centred around the introduction of a Common Foundation Programme which was comprised of four different branches: Adult nursing, Child nursing, Mental Health nursing and the nursing of people with learning disabilities. This replaced the previously used diploma level education system. Through these policies, a set of standards were established for the preparation of people who are going to teach nursing, midwives and specialist public health workers. A booklet which outlines these standards was produced by the United Kingdom Central Council for Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting (2004). This also sets out the guidelines for the qualifications which are recommended and required for these teachers. The English National Board has suggested that mentorship should be key part of the Project 2000 courses (An forth 1992). It is also suggested that there should be a policy to emphasise five key aspects of the role of a mentor in their relationship with their student nurse. These are Assisting, Befriending, Guiding, Advising and Counselling(An forth 1992). They also argue that the role should not include supervising, assessing or facilitating. The following discussion within this section will now move on to consider the mentorship role which has been derived based on these relevant policies and standards. The extent to which this derivation was appropriate and how the mentorship role is subsequently perceived will be outlined and critically analysed. This evaluation will now be conducted from the perspectives of theorists/researchers in this field, the student nurses and the mentors involved. In broad terms, these policies and standards appear to be appropriate in terms of providing a framework to govern mentorship within student nursing. However, one needs to look past the theoretical perspective and address the practical aspect of the development of mentorship. The extent to which these policies and standards are adequate when viewed during their application merits consideration. Researchers and theorists in this field have argued that despite these policies and standards, the role of mentor remains unclear as there are a number of models and frameworks which exist and which can be applied (Andrews and Wallis 1999). Furthermore, Andrews and Wallis (1999) also go on to suggest that many mentors attend short, local training courses which are not standardised. Although they may adhere to the appropriate standards, there still remains sufficient scope for mentors to receive different types and levels of training when becoming mentors of student nurses. Also, as a result of the continued use of the terms mentor, supervisor and assessor to describe similar roles, it is argued that this continues to contribute to the confusion within this field(Wilson-Barnett et al 1995). The policies and standards require a more specific focus such that more standardised definitions, roles and training programmes can be established and agreed by all of the key stakeholders in this debate. One of the more obvious stakeholders to consider are the student nurses themselves. The extent to which the mentorship of student nurses is appropriately grounded in policy and standards needs to also be assessed from the student nurses’ perspective. It needs to be seen to have logical foundations such that the students can have confidence in the system and that they can understand the purpose and objectives of the relevant policies and standards. One study which has addressed this topic was conducted by Watson (1999). A sample of 35 student nurses were interviewed using a semi-structured approach. The student nurses reported to key findings. Firstly they reported that the mentorship process was not sufficiently defined by the English National Board. They stated that although there were standards in place, they did not result in there being a clear understanding of what the role and purpose of a mentor actually was designed to be. The second key finding was that the student nurses perceived that the mentorship process was not clarified within their internal organisation. Irrespective of the over-riding standards outlined by the English National Board, the internal organisation could have put into place a clear structure and understanding of mentorship to ensure that its role was understood byte student nurses. Therefore, from the student nurses’ perspective, the presence of the appropriate policies and standards was not accompanied by an appropriate application and implementation of such guidelines. Having said this, the sample used in this study was relatively small and so the extent to which the findings can be generalised to the UK as a whole is questionable. Other similar explorative research has been conducted which has focused on the perspectives of the mentors The introduction of Project 2000 has placed a responsibility on many registered nurses to mentor student nurses. Although the relevant standards provided by the English National Board do address this area, again they do not appear to be standardised across the country. For example, Cahill (1996) found that there were a range of mentor selection procedures as well as a range of preparation and function definitions. Further research was conducted by Near (1997 and 2000).It involved collecting data from 155 mentors. They reported that these of the terms mentor, assessor and supervisor did result in them being confused over their role as a mentor. They were also unclear regarding their relationship with their student in terms of the nature which it should take and the extent to which they were supposed to help them. This in turn was said to lead to difficulties with regards to competency assessment as they were not sure what was expected of them and their students. Therefore, this section has demonstrated that policies and standards regarding mentorship have been provided by the English National Boards part of Project 2000. However, questions still remain regarding the extent to which these policies and standards have

Nitrogen :: essays research papers

Nitrogen was isolated by the British physician Daniel Rutherford in 1772 and recognized as an elemental gas by the French chemist Antoine Laurent Lavoisier about 1776.Properties Nitrogen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, nontoxic gas. It can be condensed into a colorless liquid, which can in turn be compressed into a colorless, crystalline solid. Nitrogen exists in two natural forms of isotopes, and four radioactive isotopes have been artificially prepared. Nitrogen melts at -210.01Â ° C (-346.02Â ° F), boils at -195.79Â ° C (-320.42Â ° F), and has a density of 1.251 g/liter at 0Â ° C (32Â ° F). The atomic weight of nitrogen is 14.007.Nitrogen is obtained from the atmosphere by passing air over heated copper or iron. The oxygen is removed from the air, leaving nitrogen mixed with some inert gases. Pure nitrogen is obtained by partial evaporation of liquid air because liquid nitrogen has a lower boiling point than liquid oxygen, the nitrogen evaporates off first and can be collected.Nitrogen composes about four-fifths (78.03 percent) by volume of the atmosphere. Nitrogen is inert and serves as a diluent for oxygen in burning and respiration processes. It is an important element in plant nutrition certain bacteria in the soil convert nitrogen from the atmosphere into a form, such as nitrate, that can be absorbed by plants, a process called nitrogen fixation. Nitrogen in the form of protein is an important component of animal tissue. The element occurs in the combined state in minerals, of which saltpeter (KNO3) and Chile saltpeter (NaNO3) are highly important products.Nitrogen combines with other elements only at very high temperatures or pressures. It is converted to an active form by passing through an electric discharge at low pressure. The nitrogen produced is very active, combining with alkali metals to form azides with the vapor of zinc, mercury cadmium, and arsenic to form nitrides and with many hydrocarbons to form nitriles. Activated nitrogen returns to ordinary nitrogen in about one minute.In the combined state nitrogen takes has many reactions it forms so many compounds that a systematic scheme of compounds containing nitrogen in place of oxygen was created by the American chemist Edward Franklin. In compounds nitrogen exists in all the combination capacity states between -3 and +5. Ammonia, and hydroxylamine represent compounds in which the combination capacity of nitrogen is -3, -2, and -1, individually. Oxides of nitrogen represent nitrogen in all the positive combination capacity states.

Nomads on Notice Essay

In â€Å"Nomads on Notice,† anthropologist Daniel Stiles describes the changing lifestyle of the Gabbra pastoralist. They are one of the numerous nomadic societies that are at odds with the industrial world. The unforgiving territory of Northern Kenya is divided among several tribes. They are all very fierce when it comes to defending their territory. This is very similar to what we have learned in class, relating to the Warrior Groups. The Warrior Groups are usually young males, around twelve years of age, whom protect their land, animals, and people. This region consists of 35,000 Gabbra pastoralists. They claim the dry and salty mud flats of the Chalbi Desert and the eastern shore of Lake Turkana. The Gabbra must move often, up to ten times a year. This is due to the scarcity and temporary nature of water sources and vegetation. Camps would usually split and travel in smaller groups to accommodate the carrying capacity of the land. This is considered Pastoralism, another topic we have learned in class. Pastoralism is the ownership and control over domesticated animals that appear to be about ten thousand. They have more material items than hunting and gathering, but not as much as agriculturalists do. The Gabbra have very few possessions and can pack a settlement and be on their way within a number of hours. Gabbra societies are lead by married men. Their levels of authority are based on their age, how old they are. The main animals of Gabbra society are camels, goats, cattle, and sheep. The animals that provide milk are usually kept at the main camp. The animals that do not give milk are sent off to distant camps called fora, to prevent overgrazing. The fora serve as the border of tribal territories and they are run by young warriors, so they can prevent raids by other tribes. Pastoral societies travel in small groups, usually less than one hundred. They travel frequently, usually every season, to find the most nourishing land for their livestock. In class, we have learned the same, such as they are nomadic with a seasonal around and they move and travel every season. Approximately one hundred through five hundred people will move together at a time. It is also heard for them to engage in a limited amount of horticulture. In class, we have learned that the term horticulture is control over land that they use no tools or factors whatsoever. Everything is done by hand, which means no irrigation or complex machinery. Almost all Pastoral societies consist of all male. In order to fulfill excellent labor needs, the Gabbra rely on their extended kinship and social ties for help. People have large families and live as extended families in large households. Each male in the household may have a different herd to care for. Their duties and tasks may be paid for with food or stock offspring. People may obtain animals as gifts, inheritance, or on a loan. Due to this, it is difficult to figure exactly how many animals one Gabbra may own. The Gabbra does not allow someone to obtain more animals than he and his dependents actually need. If someone exceeds of their livestock, he would redistribute them to the needy as loans or gifts. We have also learned this in class, redistribution. Redistribution is where goods and services are sent to a central authority, and then given out to those who need it. This system of redistribution minimizes the burden placed on the environment. The Gabbra usually store small portions of food, because they are in short supply. Although they are in short supply, the foods that they store can be kept for long periods of time. The recent problems that the Gabbra are facing are nothing new, but they are being heavily influenced to deal with them in much different manners by Westerners. Foreign relief services, missionaries, and government officials are not only providing food relief, but they are telling the Gabbra that their way of life is backwards and primitive. This is an example of ethnocentrism, which is when one culture believes that another culture is wrong and their culture is superior. The lifestyle of the Gabbra can improve if the rain returns and neighboring countries regain stability. If the conditions do not improve, the Gabbra may be forced to change their way of life altogether. Many cultures have been destroyed or nearly destroyed, because of assimilation. People who attempt to assist Gabbra must understand that they must accept their way of life and not change it. References: http://www.questia.com/library/1P3-4957983/nomads-on-notice http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/9308230122/nomads-notice

Overview Of The Global Airlines Industry Tourism Essay Example

Overview Of The Global Airlines Industry Tourism Essay Example Overview Of The Global Airlines Industry Tourism Essay Overview Of The Global Airlines Industry Tourism Essay This study identifies the concern environment and draws comparings of the air hose industry refering to states, India and China. An effort has been made to set forth the analyses of the wide macro-environment factors of the industry in footings of Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental and Legal factors ( PESTEL ) . Apart from the above, the Five Forces analysis has been carried in order to measure the attraction of the industries and understand their possible for alteration. The Airline industry with relevancy to this study comprises of air transit which includes both scheduled and chartered flights but excludes air freight transit. The Focus of this study is to supply an lineation of the present environmental conditions in footings of the nature of the air hose industry, its construction, sketching the schemes employed by the participants in the air hose industry to prolong in tough economic environment and do an effort to calculate the future environmental conditions. Our premier justification to compare the industry from India and China lies in our belief that the two states would and likely are transforming the planetary economic system in the twenty-first Century. India and China have achieved growing which fared twice every bit much as the planetary economic system growing. A immense and demanding consumer category is besides forcing the economic system due norths and it is indispensable for the states to run into the aspirations of a demanding economic system. Overview of the Global Airlines Industry For the past two old ages, 2008 and 2009, Airline Industry was negatively affected by the economic downswing and the oil monetary value hiking. Now that the planetary economic system is demoing marks of recovery, demand for air travel is increasing from the old old ages down degrees. Battling the recessive consequence has non been easy as assorted steps like cutting costs ; cut downing capacity and increasing burden factor were adopted by the air hose companies globally. Global Airline industry reported grosss of USD 380.5 Billion in 2009, accomplishing a Compounded Annual Growth Rate ( CAGR ) of 2.5 % for the period 2005-2009 ( Datamonitor, Global Airlines Industry ) . The entire figure of riders in the Airline Industry for the twelvemonth numbered 2002.7 million and the Numberss are expected to turn at a CAGR of 5 % to 2551.5 million riders by terminal of 2014. Strong competition and supplier power characterizes the planetary air hoses industry. Even though there are big figure of purchasers, Product distinction is minimum and involves negligible shift costs. It besides leaves the bearer vulnerable to decrease in demand in the industry which is sensitive to the wider economic system. Supplier power in the planetary air hoses industry is strong as dependability and safety of the flights are critical. Entrances to the air hoses industry are restricted due to economic barriers. The up-front costs are immense and significant fiscal backup is required t o cover the initial costs and disbursals henceforth from at that place. Airline companies today are organizing confederation with other companies with the purpose to accomplish diversified web of operations, scale economic systems in footings of purchase of fuel, and even sharing of aircraft to cut down the power of the provider. Code sharing has risen as a phenomenon catching up in the Asia Pacific part of the universe where companies are organizing confederations with other bearers around the universe. Consolidation is a major chance for the participants in the air hose industry to increase their grosss, cost nest eggs and heighten competitory place. The planetary air hoses industry is projected to profit the service suppliers as there is a new client base in the present arising from the emerging economic systems which will fuel the growing of the industry and would see outgrowth of new participants giving more competition to the bing 1s. With continued and sustainable demand for air travel, Airline companies would see chances which would be consistent with the lifting aspirations of people. The Indian Aviation Story In the twelvemonth 2003, the whole universe celebrated the centennial twelvemonth of the powered flight. Indians had to wait for more than a decennary to see the first aircraft airborne from the Indian dirt. In the early December of the twelvemonth 1910, a group of people from Belgium and England came to India with several aeroplanes. The thought was to showcase the wonder of a winging object and to research concern chances from it. Airplanes were showcased after piecing its parts. The groups were able to hold a successful trip as their merchandises were good received and were brought in by the royalties in India. It was December fifteenth 1932 when the first flight in India taken off under the name of Tata Aviation , which subsequently went on to go Air India . Tata Aviation was started by JRD Tata after much protracted dialogues with the authorities of India. Finally, during 1953, an act of nationalising all the air hoses was passed in the parliament and Tata Aviation went on to go Air India which so served the international traffic. The Indian Airline industry has come a long manner today. In the twelvemonth 2009, Indian Airline industry grew by 9 % to make the value of USD 7 billion. It grew by 35.5 % to make a volume of 73.8 million riders. By 2014, it is forecasted to hold a value of USD 17.9 billion and volumes of 156.2 million riders. The Indian Airline industry experience growing even after seeing a period of diminution in 2008. While the growing rate of Indian Airlines industry was far better than that of China, The air hose industry in India could accomplish simply one tierces of gross when compared to the Chinese Airline industry. Like the planetary air hoses industry, Indian air hoses industry is characterized by strong competition and supply power, the purchasers being leisure travellers and concern travellers while fuel providers, aircraft makers and skilled employees as the cardinal providers. High Price sensitiveness due to merchandise distinction being minimum strengthens the power of the purchase rs. Supplier power is strong as air hoses enter into contracts with the providers and the industry lacks options or replacements. Price sensitiveness is high and handiness of alternate strengthens the purchaser power. The entryway into the market poses economic barriers as at that place needs to be solid fiscal back up to come in into this industry. Distributions and set uping webs and booking presence regionally are of critical importance for the success of a company. Competition in the Indian Airline industry is strong and has increased since the presence of the low cost bearers. Costss are the finding factor for air hoses as the Indian consumer today is more monetary value witting than of all time. Over the past two decennaries, the Indian Airline industry has experienced both stagnancy and unprecedented growing. The possible for growing in the Indian Airline industry remains strong as with monolithic population with turning incomes merely adds to the fact that the Airline Industry has a long manner to travel. Presently, merely 2 % of the Indian population prefers to wing by air. Between the twelvemonth 2003 and 2006, Indian Airlines industry s unfastened sky policy opened the floodgates for the reaching of new start up bearers which changed the face of the industry beyond acknowledgment. Liberalization in footings of leting the domestic bearers to travel international and leting the international bearers greater entree to the domestic market spurned the industry to accomplish dual digit growing. However, the addition in traffic increased the top line of the participants in the industry, but due to low borders, lower outputs, unequal airdrome substructure and deficiency of trai ned pilots and applied scientists saw many of the companies shed blooding with negative underside lines. As lifting oil monetary values in the twelvemonth 2008 injury air hoses all over the universe, Indian revenue enhancement systems made the affairs even worse as it added 60 % of entire costs. Carriers were left with no other alternate but to go through on the load to the clients who in bend chose alternate signifiers of transit taking to 10-12 per centum bead in traffic. A more positive environment is get downing to emerge as the Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation ( CAPA ) study suggests. Harmonizing to CAPA, the air hose industry is India is on the way of recovery as figures from the mid twelvemonth 2010 have suggested. Better runing environment, with gradual ascent of air space and land entree development, would merely assist bearers achieve faster turnaround and higher aircraft use. The possible prevarications in the Indian Airlines Industry with CAPA foretelling the industry holding 1000 planes from 400 in the present and 4 times increase in traffic from the current tendencies. The public presentation of the industry is forecasted to speed up and drive the industry to make positive value for the service suppliers every bit good as the clients. Environmental Analysis An appraisal of external macro environment can be carried out by analysing the Political, Economic, Social A ; Technological factors. These factors are beyond a company or an industry s controls and sometimes can present as menaces. Following are the PEST analysis for the Indian Airline Industry. Political Factor In India, Political intervention has effects of all the major industries. The air hose industry in general is really susceptible to the political environment of a state. A state with unstable political environment can do uncertainties in the heads of the traveller to go to that peculiar state. India in peculiar has had to travel through a batch in the recent old ages with mounting tensenesss with its western neighbors. The 26/11 terrorist onslaught on the fiscal capital of India has a profound impact on the air hoses industry. Another illustration of political factor doing jobs for the Airlines Industry in India lies in the corrupt province of personal businesss that lies in the disposal. Bribes have to be paid to obtain licences and licenses. Even late, one of the most respectable business communities in the universe, Mr. Ratan Tata complained about the corruptness job which discouraged him to get down his ain Airline Company. It was alleged that the civil air power curate had asked Mr. Tata a amount of INR 1.5 million as a payoff to give license to get down air services. State owned air hose companies suffer the most because of this job as due to political force per unit area, the authorities companies have to give particular consideration with regard to route choice, offering free seats to the curates etc. The province owned air hose companies can non stand up to the antediluvian Torahs, ordinances and trade brotherhoods which in yesteryear have held the province owned endeavors on ransom. Presently, In footings of Investment FDI of 100 % is allowed in the Airline Sector under the automatic path for Greenfield undertakings. Economic Factors Airline Industry is greatly impacted by the concern rhythms. It is considered a luxury to wing during the recession which so leads to cuts in disbursement finally taking to decrease in the air menus. During prosperity, People spend more and that leads to increase in air menus. Recent planetary recession has had a deep impact on all the major industries in the universe. Aviation Industry excessively had its ain portion of set dorsums. Corporate travellers were cutting back on travel which would salvage costs and leisure travellers had deferred their travel programs. Even a company like Citibank in India had to cut down its costs to increase its net incomes for which even the top directors were allowed merely to go by train. The loss of income due to economic factors forced the air hose companies to put to death the corporate restructuring plan which resulted in several employees being laid off. Turnaround clip, care costs, jet fuels costs, staff costs, benefits costs etc. are some of the disbursals which the air hose companies have to take into consideration while pricing their air tickets. Anything below these costs the company losingss which makes the company unsustainable in the industry/ Social Factors India, being a diverse state has people coming from different parts of the state with different civilization, linguistic communication, nutrient and penchants. Airline industry demand to understand this along with the fact that there are people with varied income group and their demands should be served consequently. India is a land of extremes with people coming from different walks of life. For illustration, a individual subscribing to Jain faith demands to be served a particular Jain nutrient and it could be kept in head that the individual sitting following to him can be a vegetarian. One of the finer illustrations can be drawn from South West Airlines which is a low frills air hoses which has created a niche for itself in that section. It has besides successfully augmented its selling mix scheme which has done admirations for it. Technological Factors Internet has opened avenues for the air hoses industry in a manner which could neer hold been comprehended. For Example, Jet Lite has introduced a service on its web site where it auctions few unreserved place on the flight one hebdomad prior to the going day of the month. About all air hose companies offer their services through the cyberspace. Right from booking the ticket to taking the place where one would prefer to sit on the flight. Apart from this, taking the nutrient from the bill of fare can besides be selected through the cyberspace. Another good illustration of the impact of engineering would be that of the Airport Authority of India, which with the aid of engineering was able to rent out its disused and fresh hangers to international air hoses thereby doing immense net incomes out of the same. Technology development helps cut down costs, saves clip and enhances service public presentation which is critical in a competitory industry like the Airlines industry. Porter s Five Forces Michael Porter introduced a model that theoretical accounts a sector or an industry as being influenced by five forces. This analysis has five-core element. These are 1. Dickering Power of Suppliers 2. New Entrants 3. Menace of Substitutes 4. Competitive Competition 5. Dickering Power of Customers Dickering Power of Suppliers Suppliers for the Indian Airlines industry like other locations around the universe every bit far as flight makers are concerned are really limited. Globally, Airbus and Boeing are the lone providers of aircraft which suit the industry demands. There is limited bargaining chance for the Airline Industry in India hence is a menace for the industry. New Entrants It was hard for a new participant to come in the Airline Industry in India. There were tonss of barriers to entry. Capital Investment to come in this industry is really high but Bankss have increased the possibilities to avail short term or long term loans with less involvement rate thereby increasing the menace of new entrants in the present markets. Menace of Substitutes International paths do non hold any menaces as there is barely any other signifier of executable transit available. However, Domestic travel can be competitory as high airfares encourage clients to look for options ways to acquire to their finishs. Rail A ; Road are likely the merely executable option available as they are merely economical for shorter distances. A client would prefer to go long distance via route or rail merely if the clip factor allows the client to take the option options. Competition Competition Competition within the industry is pretty intense at the minute as all the air hoses are competing for attract client by offering lower menus, rank privileges, free repasts on board and other extra benefits to catch the client from the rivals. Dickering Power of Customer Indian travellers are extremely monetary value medium. With handiness of many air hoses to take, cheaper monetary value difference might merely exchange the client to take from one air hose to another. Customers have some opportunity of bargaining in the domestic market as competition is intense in it whereas International paths gives less operations to deal.

Good manufacturing practice guidelines Essays

Good manufacturing practice guidelines Essays Good manufacturing practice guidelines Essay Good manufacturing practice guidelines Essay ( two ) Attachment to assorted criterions -Good Manufacturing Practice ( GMP ) , e.g. the 5P’s ( Premise, Primary stuffs, Personnel/People, Procedure, and Process, define and record ) -Standard runing processs ( SOP ) : -Regulatory facets ( three ) Quality control ( QC ) and quality confidence ( QA ) of tablets ( four ) Problems occurred during industry of tablets, and solutions ( if any ) ( V ) Other treatments ( e.g. certification, audit, R A ; D, if applicable ) In Malaysia, one of the requirement for using a fabrication licence and merchandise enrollment is the conformity to the Good Manufacturing Practice1. The makers of the registered pharmaceutical/traditional merchandises should adhere to the guideline stated in Good Manufacturing Practice ( GMP ) to guarantee that the merchandise manufactured is safe, efficacious and up-to stated quality. The Good Manufacturing Practice ( GMP ) reviews of makers of registered merchandises are done by Centre for Compliance and Licensing ( CCL ) to guarantee makers conformity towards the current GMP demands. However, WHO has formulated GMP as a general guideline with rules for states to adhere with2. Some regional demands, such as Pharmaceutical Inspection Convention ( PIC ) , Association of South-East Asia Nations ( ASEAN ) - GMP and European Economic Community ( EEC ) are applied. The first component to be discussed in GMP is Personnel. The pilot works has equal figure of forces with the necessary makings and practical experience3. Organisation chart with specific responsibilities recorded in written occupation descriptions have to be provided, although in this instance seems to be non available. In footings of preparation wise, preparation is provided to the forces whose responsibilities require them to be in the production country or the research labs. If in any instance, such as untrained forces or visitants should be given briefing about personal hygiene and set in protective vesture in progress before come ining the production room. Other than that, they should be closely supervised every bit good. Protective garments appropriate to the operations are worn by every individual come ining the fabrication country. Prohibition on feeding, imbibing, masticating or smoke is purely adhered. In specific, direct contact should be avoided between the operator s cus todies and the open merchandise every bit good as with any portion of the equipment that comes into contact with the merchandises. Hence, gloves must be worn at all times. The 2nd component included is the Premises and Equipment. Generally speech production, premises and equipment must be located, designed, constructed, adapted and maintained to accommodate the operations to be carried out3. Attempts to understate the hazard of mistakes and license effectual cleansing and care in order to cut down cross-contamination, accretion of dust or soil must be shown through the layout and design of the production works. Repair and care operations should non endanger the quality of merchandises and must be disinfected harmonizing to detailed written processs. The premiss is organised to let the production countries connected in a logical order matching to the sequence of the operations. The interior surfaces, such as walls, floors and ceilings are smooth and free from clefts. The floor trim is curved, to let easy and effectual cleansing. The production country is good ventilated, with air control installations such as HEPA filters to avoid dusting and cut down e ntrance of dust from external infinites. The deliberation of get downing stuffs is carried out in a separate deliberation room designed for that usage, as stated in the GMP guideline. Excess stairss are taken to avoid cross-contamination in state of affairs where dust is generated, such as in production of tablets, by holding separated closed suites. The packaging of medicative merchandises, in this instance, the tablets, are specifically designed and laid out to avoid confusions. In-process controls are carried out in the production country every bit long as they do non transport any hazard for the production. The pulverizations are observed during granulation procedure. In this pilot works, the storage country is in sufficient capacity to let storage of assorted classs of stuffs and merchandises in orderly mode. Receiving bay ( same country as material room ) protect stuffs from the conditions. It is besides equipped with vacuity cleaning public-service corporation to let containe rs of incoming stuffs to be cleaned before storage. It is of import to take note that within the pilot works no washroom is available. As stated in the Pharmaceutical Inspection Co-operation Scheme ( PIC/S ) GMP Guide, point 3.31 – lavatories should non straight communicate with production or storage countries, hence, this pilot works complied with the guideline prescribed. Manufacturing equipment should be designed in a manner that eases the cleansing procedure. It should be cleaned harmonizing to detailed and written processs. The installing of equipment should prioritise to cut down the hazard of mistake or of taint. This is the ground most equipment is located following to each other, in a closed country, and contained in the equipment during the transportation. Equipment should be calibrated and checked at defined intervals by appropriate methods. Adequate records of such trials are recorded besides. The 3rd component is the Documentation. There is a figure of needed GMP certification, for illustration Site Master File, Specifications that describe the demands with which the merchandises or stuffs used or obtained have to conform, Manufacturing Formulae, Processing, Packaging and Testing Instructions, Procedures, Protocols and etc3. In the site, Standard Operating Procedures ( SOPs ) are provided in each processing room, depicting the operating stairss for equipment. Specifications for get downing, packaging, intermediate and bulk merchandises are available for critical stairss. In elaborate, the specifications should include the designated name, Paracetamol in this instance, mention to any pharmacopoeial monograph, approved providers of the stuff, waies for trying and proving, qualitative and quantitative demands with credence bounds, storage conditions and safeguards and in conclusion, the maximal period of storage before re-examination. The Forth facet in this treatment is Production. Defined processs for production operations must be followed as following with the GMP is necessary to obtain merchandises of needed quality. Other than managing stuffs in right mode, different merchandises must non be carried out at the same time in the same room3. Coevals of dust must be prevented, in this instance, for illustration, by holding dusting bags in the fluidized bed drier. In order to forestall cross-contamination in term of production, appropriate proficient or organizational steps are taken. Air-locks are installed and closed system of production is used. Lone stuffs that are validated with recorded consequences are used. The 5th component is the Quality Control. Quality control comprises trying, specifications and testing of the merchandises. It is of import to stress that Quality Control is independent from Production. Quality Control besides requires the necessary and relevant trials are being carried out3. Several testing is conducted in conformity to USP specifications, such as weight fluctuation, hardness, crumbliness, disintegration and etc. Other than the trials mentioned, the proper certification and release processs which maps to account that the trials are being carried out, quality control besides comprise of all determinations which may impact the quality of the merchandise. However, it is of import for to take note that for a complete finished merchandise appraisal, all the relevant factors have to be taken into history, such as production conditions, consequences of in-process testing, a reappraisal of fabricating certification, conformity with Finished Product Specification and scrutin y of the concluding finished battalion. All relevant certification should be made available to the Quality Control for measuring the quality of the merchandise. A batch record has to be kept at least a twelvemonth after the termination day of the month of the batch. The method of trying should adhere to O.K. written processs such as equipment to be used and the sum of sample to be taken, type and status of sample container and storage conditions. Mention samples from each batch should be retained until one twelvemonth after the termination day of the month and the sample size should be sufficient to let at least a full re-examination. The cogency of proving methods should be confirmed and harmonizing to approved methods. Consistency of consequences should be checked. The readying of research lab reagents, glasswork, solutions, mention criterions and civilization media should be harmonizing to written processs. Marketed merchandise should be monitored for its stableness. National Pharmaceutical Control Bureau, Ministry of Health Malaysia. Good Fabrication Practice/Good Distribution [ Online ] . 2013 May 14 [ cited 2015 Feb 5 ] ; Available from:Uniform resource locator:hypertext transfer protocol: //portal.bpfk.gov.my/index.cfm? A ; menuid=146 A ; parentid=113 Jaya Bir Karmacharya. Good Fabrication Practices ( GMP ) for Medicinal Products [ Online ] 2012 May 23 [ cited 2015 Feb 5 ] ; Available from:Uniform resource locator:hypertext transfer protocol: //cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs-wm/37170.pdf Pharmaceutical Inspection Convention Pharmaceutical Inspection Co-Operation Scheme. Guide To Good Manufacturing Practice For Medicinal Products Part I [ On-line ] . 2014 Mar 1 [ cited 2015 Feb 5 ] ; Available from:Uniform resource locator:hypertext transfer protocol: //www.picscheme.org/publication.php? download A ; file=cGUtMDA5LTExLWdtcC1ndWlkZS1wYXJ0LWktYmFzaWMtcmVxdWlyZW1lbnRzLWZvci1tZWRpY2luYWwtcHJvZHVjdHMtY29weTEucGRm

Development and usage of a water lifting device in agriculture Assignment

Development and usage of a water lifting device in agriculture - Assignment Example Several designs were tested before arriving at the present design. Most of the third world countries depend on agriculture to sustain their population and earn revenue through export of their production to other countries. Agriculture requires usage of water either from a river or through ground sources. Ground water being dominantly available requires specialized tools to lift the water to the fields for the purpose of irrigation. The present report focuses on development of a water lifting device that could a eco friendly without compromising on the economic parameters of design. The objective is to achieve a fairly good amount of acceptable proportion in the design of water lifting device with regards to sustainability. Two methodologies have been tested for the same. Use of naturally available sources of energy that can be renewed was made in the design of water lifting device. In areas, where sun light or solar power was in abundance, solar powered devices where used to power up the pumps that lift water. In cases, where animal and organic waste was in abundance, design of power sources that work using organic waste as fuel was utilized. Care was taken in arriving at the best combination of photovoltaic cells. ... Yield output of 50W per module at full strength of sunlight equal to 1000W/m2 Type Biomass energy powered pump Pump type Submerged pump with surface motor Pump specifications Suitable for testing conditions. 1kW capacity considered Biomass Electricity obtained from mini stations operating on organic waste as fuel Capacity of Biomass Depending on the amount of organic waste, capacity is determined. SECTION 3 Description of the Final Design: Two design strategies are tried out with regards to conditions prevailing in the testing areas. Two testing conditions were used. 1. Areas with surplus solar energy: 2. Areas with surplus organic wastes Help was solicited from FAO Corporate repository for arriving at design of the system. Section 3.1: In condition 1, use of photovoltaic cells was adopted, refer Figure 1 below. In both the cases, similar type of motor or pumps was used. Figure 1 An array of photovoltaic cells was used to provide sufficient power to run a motor of a specified capacity (look for specifications in section 2). Care was taken in arriving at the best combination of photovoltaic cells. Since photovoltaics are costly and the amount of investment that goes into purchasing the units defeats the very objective of cost minimization in the short run, photovoltaics developed from locally available sources with good output were utilized. Please refer to section 2 for output specifications. The design resulted in an environmentally friendly output as the source input used now is a natural one compared to earlier ways wherein fossil fuels were used and resulted in pollution. The design is economical as locally available sources of photovoltaics were used with higher output and lower maintenance. The