Oliver Twist: Summary :: essays research papers

Oliver Twist: Summary I     Content - Characterizations Oliver Twist - A cherishing, blameless vagrant youngster; the child of Edwin Leeford and Agnes Fleming. He is commonly calm and modest as opposed to forceful. Oliver's friendly nature, alongside his shortcoming and guiltlessness, procure him the pity what's more, love of the great individuals he meets. Dicken's decision of Oliver's name is very uncovering, in light of the fact that the kid's story is loaded with "twists" and turns. Dickens employments his abilities at making character to make Oliver especially engaging. Mr. Blunder - The ward beadle; a rodent man and an irascible with an extraordinary thought of his rhetorical forces and his significance. He has a chosen affinity for tormenting. He got no negligible weight from the activity of unimportant savagery and therefore was a defeatist. Part of the way through the book, Bumble changes. At the point when he weds Mrs. Corney, he loses authority. She settles on all the choices. The Artful Dodger - A capable pickpocket, selection representative, cheat and mind. Jack Dawkins, known as the guileful dodger, is a beguiling rebel. Fagin's generally regarded student. A grimy scorn nosed, level browed, regular confronted kid (short for his age). Dickens makes Dodger look all the more engaging by depicting his preposterous garments furthermore, uninhibited habits. Fagin - An ace lawbreaker, whose forte is fenang (selling taken property). He utilizes a pack of cheats and is continually searching for newcomers. He is a man of extensive insight, however ruined by his personal responsibility. His still, small voice disturbs him after he is sentenced to hang. He has a wry sense of diversion and an uncanny capacity to get individuals. He's an extremely old withered Jew, whose contemptible looking unpleasant face was darkened by a amount of tangled red hair. Mr. Brownlow - A liberal man, worried for others. An entirely good looking individual with a heart enormous enough for any six common old honorable man of altruistic demeanor. Bill Sikes - A harasser, a looter and a killer. He is a partner of Fagin. Fagin plans the violations and Sikes completes them. Sike's shrewd is so startling since it is so physical. He is looks at to a brute. A strongly constructed individual with legs that consistently seem as though they are in an incomplete and fragmented state without a lot of shackles to decorate them. Priests - Also known as Edward Leeford (child of Edwin Leeford and his legitimate wife).Oliver's stepbrother. He needs to obliterate Olivers possibility of acquiring their dads bequest. Priests is a stock reprobate, sneaking in shadows and expressing curses with a jeer. He needs family love and good childhood. He is a tall, dim scoundrel, subject to attacks of weakness and epilepsy.

Marlow Lie Essay

Victorianâ viewpoint,â andâ oftenâ paintsâ themâ as beingâ theâ embodimentâ ofâ theâ moreâ pureâ andâ gentleâ aspectsâ ofâ humanâ nature. Conradâ makes manyâ referencesâ toâ aâ beliefâ thatâ womenâ liveâ inâ anâ idealâ worldâ whichâ isâ separatedâ fromâ theâ evil sideâ ofâ humanâ natureâ exploredâ inâ theâ story,â emphasizingâ thatâ theyâ mustâ beâ protectedâ fromâ this darknessâ atâ allâ costs. This theme can be justified by many details within {em The Heart of Darkness},â butâ atâ theâ sameâ timeâ thereâ areâ aâ numberâ ofâ pointsâ inâ theâ storyâ whichâ standâ inâ stark contrastâ toâ thisâ portrayalâ ofâ womenâ asâ nobleâ andâ exaltedâ creatures. One of the first incident where Conrad discusses women in an idealized manner occurs in the very beginning of {em The Heart of Darkness}, as Marlow is about to depart for Africa. During his final meeting with his aunt, she talks to him of how noble she feels the Company’s attempts to civilize the African natives are: an opinion which makes her nephew rather uncomfortable. â€Å"It’s queer,†Ã‚ he says, â€Å"how out of touch with truth women are. Theyâ liveâ inâ aâ worldâ ofâ theirâ own, andâ thereâ hasâ neverâ beenâ anythingâ likeâ it,â andâ neverâ canâ be. Itâ isâ tooâ beautifulâ altogether,â andâ if theyâ wereâ toâ setâ itâ upâ itâ wouldâ goâ toâ piecesâ beforeâ theâ firstâ sunset. †Ã‚ Marlow believes that women cannotâ perceiveâ theâ horrorsâ thatâ menâ areâ capableâ ofâ becauseâ theyâ areâ soâ distantâ fromâ themâ by virtueâ ofâ theirâ sex. Another graphic example of this attitude comes when Marlow makes a reference to Kurtz’s fiancee, known as his Intended. He says of her: â€Å"Oh, she is out of it⠭⠭â ­completely. They ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­the women, I mean ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­are out of it ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­should be out of it. Weâ mustâ helpâ them

The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost , Poetry Expli Essay Example For Students

The Road Not Taken? by Robert Frost , Poetry Expli Essay cation The sonnet The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost tends to the possibility of dynamic and picking what course life will take you. The sonnet is about the speaker showing up at a byway, where the two ways are covered with leaves. The persona, who is accepted to be Frost himself, decides to take the street less went by. He reveals to himself that he will take the other street one more day, despite the fact that he realizes it is impossible that he will have the chance to do as such. The sonnet finishes up with the speaker fulfilled by his decision in taking the street less went by. We will compose a custom article on The Road Not Taken? by Robert Frost , Poetry Expli explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now The sonnet comprises of four verses, each containing five lines. The rhyme unbending plan is ABAAB. At that point, in the last line the rhyme is broken with the word distinction making the closure stand apart from the remainder of the sonnet. Each line contains four focused on syllables. Ice utilizes a similitude contrasting the street with life, and the fork to deciding. The primary verse passes on a state of mind of progress and presents the possibility of a life changing choice, which is the reason for the sonnet. First Frost lays the right foundation with his initial words, Two streets separated (line 1). The speaker is remaining at an intersection in the street considering two decisions. The streets in the sonnet are combined where the speaker is standing yet lead in two distinct ways implying two unique ways throughout everyday life. Ice starts with the figurative significance as right on time as the principal line with his reference to yellow wood (line 1). This recommends the setting is in the backwoods during Fall, which is the period of progress. The subsequent line, sorry I was unable to have voyage both (line 2) communicates the interest to investigate a few prospects throughout everyday life. It likewise frames a feeling of disappointment at not comprehending what could lie ahead on the un-picked way and the speakers impediment to one lifetime. At the point when Frost says, And be one voyager (line 3) clearly speaker can not go down the two ways. He understands that he needs to settle on a decision and pick one way over the other. The speakers lingering and the trouble in anticipating the result of the choice he needs to make is demonstrated when he, stood And looked down one as far as Possible (line3-4). The two streets lead to the obscure, To where it twisted in the undergrowth (line 5), as do numerous decisions throughout everyday life. This is an allegory to our powerlessness to anticipate the future, and the way that in any case what street is picked it won't be liberated from deterrents. In the second refrain the persona keeps on looking at the two ways and contemplate which street to take. In line six Frost utilizes the expression, similarly as reasonable (line 6), to infer that his choice needs cautious thought on the grounds that once it is made, there is no turning around. By and by, Frost focuses to vulnerability later on by utilizing the word maybe in line seven. The speaker is making a decision about the street from where he is standing. Ice at that point proceeds to portray the way as verdant and needed wear (line 8). From this line, the peruser gets the feeling that the persona took the street less made a trip by to split away from the impact and control of society. In any case, by making the analogy a street Frost clarifies that couple of have decided to take the harder course through life since it is less trodden upon. In spite of the fact that the streets have little contrast in appearance since they are worn about the equivalent (line 10), the two of them lead to undeterminable prospects. Before the second's over verse, the speaker despite everything has not settled on a decision about which way to take. The third refrain clarifies that each time a decision introduces itself there is another excursion or way to be voyage. This is appeared in lines eleven and twelve when Frost says, And both that morning similarly lay In leaves no progression had trodden dark (line 11-12). At that point, with the utilization of, Oh, I saved the first for one more day! (line 13), the speaker rehashes his delay and .

Buy Assignments of the Sky High Quality

Are you in search of a trusting professional custom writing service to purchase sociology, English, literature assignments, to have your coursework edited or proofread or buy assignments? Our reliable online service working non-stop is the place where all your searches end! Were here to provide you with the wide-class online writing assistance whether you are a student of a high school, college or university. Using our excellent bid system you will be able to choose the most reliable writer to accomplish your engineering assignment, buy the finest quality product and save your time for the extracurricular activities and personal life! Free from plagiarism assignments Every single assignment you order from our freelance academic writers is based on a detailed research and is developed from scratch unless you approach the online writer with a request to proofread or revise your assignment. To say more, we never resell our papers accomplished for other customers, nor do we provide our precious customers with recycled papers. Before you get your assignment it is meticulously checked for plagiarism to provide its originality. For instance, if you approach us for a research paper, our online writing helpers will deliver authentic content together with detailed citation of any information secondary sources. Moreover, each project you order from us is tested for stolen content and later, zero plagiarism % is proved in the plagiarism report that is attached to the paper you purchase. Buy Online Assignment from the Best Online Custom Writer! Students give preference to making solid career in various fields in order to achieve the highest grades. For that reason, in order to cover all academic topics for the college or university students from different streams, were there to provide you with useful solutions for any type and complexity level assignment. Dealing with thousands of students we realize that online personnel should be almost unlimited. To achieve this goal we have a huge team of online helpers coming from various fields. We never work with low-rates freelancers, but give preference to unique and talented individuals with strong writing experience and educational level. Two important aspects of professionalism are of foremost importance PhD and MA degrees of a potential custom writer. Only certified and reputed individuals get a chance to assist you! Your Deadline Our Main Concern! Here, each of the writers truly believes in on-time beating the toughest deadlines that customers from all over the world approach us with. In other words, no matter what time frame you impose together with your custom order feel free to approach us for the reason that there are always competent people to work under time pressure. But before you place your order that requires us to complete a well-written research paper in several hours, try to think logically. The point is that a professionally written, thoroughly researched excellent quality research paper requires time to make it up to your expectation, which means its pointless to order such a complex assignment within 8-hour-order.

Michael s Pain And Suffering - 1820 Words

Michael’s Pain and Suffering As Michael drove into the parking lot of the Met Life Stadium, congratulation signs, balloons, and many of his peers greeted him. After parking his car he made his way to the area in which the graduates were meeting. The faculty began to call to the attention of the graduates, so they could line up with their college. Walking into the stadium was truly a sight to see. He entered the stadium to â€Å"Pomp and Circumstance†, as he walked his hands began to form bundles of sweat, the reason was unclear whether it was from nervousness or anticipation of the future. After wildly waving to his guest he broke into a big grin. The ceremony was quite long. The students kept themselves entertained through the mundane speeches by bouncing beach balls through the aisles. It is through this he realizes he had beaten the odds that were against him to graduate from college. Unlike Word did not find any entries for your table of contents.his peers he was not born with a silver spoon, or eve n obtained the bare minimum support from his family. Oddly, enough his family even bothered to show up to the graduation. Michael George Jones was born on March 17, 1991 in Paterson, NJ. Michael was the hardest child for his mother to have because he was 9lbs 2ounces when he was born. Growing up, Michael went through a lot of pain. Michael began to reminisce about all the incidents he has had with his family. It always seemed as if he was fighting for the acceptance of hisShow MoreRelatedMad Shadows By Marie Claire Blais1507 Words   |  7 Pagesdisplayed in Mad Shadows, characters face a great deal of pain and suffering at the hands of their deluded notions of love; that fundamentally being that beauty and appearance equate to love. Their suffering is clearly flaunted. Lanz and Louise grow a deeply rooted resentment for each other which leads to their suffering. Similarly, Isabelle-Marie and Michael’s relationship leads to Isabelle-Marie’s brutal beating and abandonment at the hands of Michael due to the nature of their relationship. Lastly, LouiseRead MoreChildren Of The Holocaust Survivor Essay1384 Words   |  6 PagesJacob in Fugitive Pieces by Anne Michael s novel haunted from his past from his memories of his parents and his beloved sister Bella. Growing up with Athos care, Jacob struggles to adapt to a new environment as a child with his memories of his parents still preserve into his mind and battling to make what might have happened to his sister Bella. As Jacob ponders on his past, his memories become strong er and save him that will eventually free him from pain and suffering. Trying to forget his past, JacobRead MoreAn Undercover Officer Believes Andy Is Selling Narcotics1166 Words   |  5 Pageshad knowledge about the drugs which, Andy and Tara were aware of. Andy sells narcotics of heroin in criminal liability is the Actus Reus. Which is the wrongful act and the drugs were in joint control of the accused and another. Andy s criminal liability was Men s rea knowingly area of his actions. That he was selling narcotics to individuals in supplying them and with the demand of money given; during the transaction. While, the undercover officer observed individuals approach Andy and hand himRead MorePuritanism Vs Deism1489 Words   |  6 Pagesdepicted in the works of John Winthrop, Michael Wigglesworth, John Dane, and Mary Rowlandson, and the Deist views of Benjamin Franklin differed in how they viewed their respective Gods, the way in which He created human beings, the view of life aft er death, and how God interacted in their everyday lives, while also holding the similar belief that God created everything in the universe with a purpose. The first difference between Puritanism and Franklin s Deist views can be analyzed through theirRead MoreCapital Punishment : The Death Penalty932 Words   |  4 Pagesfalsely accused of raping a white girl in the book â€Å"To Kill A Mockingbird.† (Lee, Harper.). This is clearly wrong. Governments should not concern itself with taking people s lives. Capital punishment is a legally authorised killing for a crime. In the modern United States capital punishment is only used for punishing murder. The 1930’s was the decade in which had the highest rate of capital punishment in American history. In that decade only two states made capital punishment illegal. Capital punishmentRead MoreThe Debate Of Assisted Suicide1747 Words   |  7 Pagesassisted in the suicide of many patients who could not find any more reasons to live. Many people oppose of his practice, but I believe Kevorkian was trying to help these patients find peace. This topic is important because it can help end the long pain and suffering of patients. Seeing the struggles of the patients Dr. Kevorkian has worked with makes me believe that the legalization of physician assisted suicide it necessary, but not everyone agrees. The main focus of this paper is how the rights and decisionsRead MoreAnalysis Of Hardy s The Best Hope Ever Sown 872 Words   |  4 PagesIn the third stanza, Hardy states: â€Å"But not so. How arrives it joy lies slain / And why unblooms the best hope ever sown?† Immediately in this stanza, he realizes that there is no point to human pain and suffering, because he can t find evidence that humans pain has meaning to God. He dismisses the idea brought about by the first two stanzas, and admits his faith in meaning is crushed. He’s lost his hope that he’s held onto for so long, and there’s no â€Å"joy† left. He comments that his hopeRead MoreDoctor Assisted Suicide And Suicide1585 Words   |  7 PagesDoctor assisted suicide is a topic that has recently become a much larger debated issue than before. A timeline put together by Michael Manning and Ian Dowbigging shows that prior to Christianity, doctor assisted suicide was something that was tolerated, and was not heavily questioned (2). Yet, in the 13th century, Thomas Aquinas had made a statement about suicide as well as doctor assisted suicide, and his words shaped the Catholic teaching on suicide into what they teach today. Beginning in theRead MoreEssay about The Debate Over Euthanasia1216 Words   |  5 Pageshighly publicized. However, this issue is not a new debate. Society has voiced its opinions on the subject for hundreds of years. Euthanasia, which is Greek for good death, refers to the act of ending another person’s life in order to end their suffering and pain.1 Two forms, passive and active euthanasia, categorize the actions taken to end the person’s life. Passive euthanasia involves removing a patient’s life support, withholding food and water, and discontinuing medical treatments. Active euthanasiaRead MoreThe Greatest Player Of All Time1496 Words   |  6 PagesWhen you think about basketball, there are multiple teams, play s, and players that come to mind. Michael Jordan is one of the players every person knows and has respect for. He is a legend of this game and has changed the game of basketball forever. He is considered to be the best basketball player of all time but not just because of the numbers he put up on the board or how many games his teams won. Michael Jordan has impacted society because of the kind of person he was, on and off the basketball court

Justifying Murder Through Non-consequentialist Means

Killing one person to save the lives of millions seems easily justified from a utilitarian standpoint. However, I reject consequentialism and thus consider the highly desirable outcome insufficient to morally legitimate the murder, and thus hope to align myself more with a Kantian framework. It is right for the doctor to kill the president because the president has chosen to be responsible for the slaughter of millions, which separates him from the category of innocent people, demonstrates moral reasoning that justifies his death, and his willingness to lead people astray justifies some form of retribution. Briefly, utilitarianism holds that the consequences of an action determine its moral worth and that the relative balance of happiness†¦show more content†¦The reader may, having noted the primary importance I place upon the designation of a person as innocent or not regarding whether it could ever be permissible to take that person’s life, now justly find himself particularly inquisitive about why I designate the president as not innocent. After all, the president has not killed anyone yet. To address this concern, I would emphasize that the conceptual vacuum-like space of the scenario offers a luxury rarely afforded in real life, that of assurance. It is inevitable that he will carry out his choice unless prevented, and this assurance doubtlessly affects my judgment by circumventing many reasons for tenuousness in my speculation. The president fully intends to order the slaughter of millions and, even without the foreknowledge of what is going to happen, it would see m quite fair to state that he has made the decision already, he just has not had the opportunity to carry out his plans. A similar example of a decision that far precedes action could include someone deciding to murder their relative to collect insurance money, but waiting months until the right opportunity was presented. It is quite common to make a choice and not be able to carry it out immediately, but this does not diminish that it was a significant and heartfelt decision. A person, who genuinely intends, is prepared to, andShow MoreRelatedTheories of Punishment3436 Words   |  14 Pageswill consider what legal punishment is; it will draw a distinction between the two main categories.[3] It will focus on utilitarianism otherwise known as consequentialist theory of punishment, in particular a side constrained theory provided by Daniel Farrell.[4] It will look in particular at what it is Farrell is attempting to achieve through his modified theory.[5] It will consider the th ree questions[6] of justification put forward by Hart[7] in application to Farrell’s theory and finally itRead MoreBusiness Ethics Essay4857 Words   |  20 Pagesmorality or immorality of actions, and provide a basis for making claims about moral obligations...† (V Scholes, personal communication, 15 March 2009). Individually, they provide definitions, supported by reasoned arguments, laying claim to (and justifying) what is of fundamental importance in terms of what counts as an ethically correct action. They are mutually incompatible (The Open Poly, 2009). You can not logically question the morality/immorality of actions with reference to more than one theory

An Outpost of Progress Infobox free essay sample

Notes for the Teachers One Language – Many Voices Joseph Conrad: An Outpost of Progress INfO-BOx Cultural and historical background The colonization of Central Africa did not set in until the very end of the 19th century, when ‘the scramble for Africa’ – the race of European powers to divide the continent among themselves – got under way: In 1870 European countries owned only 10% of Africa, by 1900 it was 90%. For a long time access to the huge territories in the Congo River basin was considered impossible due to the impenetrable forests and the impassable rapids of the river itself, which served as a barrier to European exploitation.The adventurer and journalist Henry Morton Stanley gained the interest and support of the Belgian King Leopold II for his expeditions into the Congo basin ‘to prove that the Congo natives were susceptible of civilization and that the Congo basin was rich enough to repay exploitation’. In the name of Leopold II he appropriated land and labour for the king’s newly founded ‘Association Internationale du Congo’. Leopold’s claim to the Congo was recognized at the International Africa Conference in Berlin in 1884–1885, presided over by Bismarck. The Congo Free State, as it was ironically called, was confirmed as the private property of King Leopold II in return for guarantees of neutrality, free trade and opposition to slavery. The Congo Free State, 1900 next to nothing, apart from small amounts of cloth, beads or brass rods. The rubber boom started in the mid-1890s due to the increasing industrial demand from Europe. While the rubber trade made a fortune for Leopold II, it led to the extreme brutalization of the local population. Under Leopold’s ownership approximately 10 million Congolese died as a consequence of exploitation and disease.To enforce the rubber quotas, the Force Publique (FP) was called in. The FP was an army, but its aim was not to defend the country, but to terrorize the population, which it did by cutting off the limbs of the natives; this practice was disturbingly widespread. When news of these atrocities reached Europe, there was a public outcry; the British parliament asked Roger Casement to make an inquiry into the situation in the country. The result of his enquiry was the famous Congo Report (1904). Casement had been a British diplomat in the Congo, where he met Conrad and whose Heart of Darkness (1899) had deeply influenced him.In 1903 Conrad wrote to Casement saying, ‘there exists in Africa a Congo State, created by the act of European powers, where ruthless, systematic cruelty towards the blacks is the basis of the administration’. Conrad’s novel also contributed to a widespread knowledge of the colonial abuses and crimes taking place in Africa. In 1908 Leopold II was forced to sell the Congo Free State to the Belgian government, which annexed it as a Belgian colony until its independence in 1960, when it was named Zaire. Its history since then has not been much happier. Following the secessionist Katanga CivilWar, the country was brutalized under the dictatorship of President Mobutu. In 1997, when Mobutu was overthrown by the rebel leader Laurent Kabila, the country was renamed The Democratic Republic of the Congo. Torn between ethnic strife and civil wars, involving refugees from Rwanda and Burundi and displacements from Sudan, the country is still unstable. Biographical aspects Ivory and rubber were the main sources of income for King Leopold’s company and its agents: they and their African auxiliaries seized all the ivory that could be found, buying tusks from villages for a pittance, or simply confiscating them.They were working on a lucrative commission structure imposed by the King in 1890, of which the African elephant hunters received 26 As captain of a steamship, Joseph Conrad travelled up the Congo River to Central Africa and the heart of the Congo in 1890, and then went on an overland track to Leopoldville (now Kinshasa). As we kn ow from his diaries and letters, which he wrote in English, he was deeply concerned with the greed of Belgian (and other European) merchants, the abuses of colonial powers and atrocities committed by white managers and their black auxiliaries, always in the name of a missionary and rogressive spirit to ‘enlighten the dark continent’. But he also met with what he thought to be cannibalism, and was confused Notes for the Teachers by the natives’ drums and ‘wild savagery’. His decision to resign from his post as captain was as much caused by his ill health as by his desire to become a writer. It has been said that ‘Africa killed Conrad the sailor and strengthened Conrad the writer’1 In his extensive writings (over 40 works of fiction of various length) the themes of travel and the pursuit of material and idealistic goals as well as isolation, ambition and failure can be said to be drawn from his own experiences.Conrad: An Outpost of Progress His deep-rooted scepticism of imperialism can be linked to his Polish background: born into a nation which had vanished from the map after being annexed by Russia, Prussia and Austria in 1795, and into a family which had opposed Russian oppression and been exiled to Ukraine, Conrad had good reason to question the right of stronger powers to impose their wills on smaller nations. 1 Jean-Aubry, Georges. Joseph Conrad in the Congo. New York: Haskell, 1973. Interpretation Summary Kayerts and Carlier are p ut in charge of a remote and unpromising trading station on a river.

Net Present Value and Papa Geo free essay sample

The restaurant would be located in Orlando, Florida and would majorly target middle to lower-middle class families with children, as well as adults and seniors, thus making it a friendly and family place. The major product and service provided by the restaurant would be Italian food served buffet style with an all-you-can-eat format with a lot of variety including a salad bar, pizza, several different types of pasta with three or four types of sauces, soup, desserts, and a self-serve soda bar. There would also be a gaming area within the restaurant with gaming machines installed which would be of interest to children. The business would provide wholesome and fresh food, in a simple format, with very good prices and is located in a densely populated area, all of which would help the restaurant to do well and establish itself as a popular and profitable business. * * * Also, provide a second paragraph which describes how the budget supports the company’s strategy. We will write a custom essay sample on Net Present Value and Papa Geo or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page * * Finally, provide a third paragraph where you summarize the key points from your budget, including the planning horizon, the amount of up-front investment, the NPV, Payback and IRR of the project, as well as key figures from your income statement, cash flow statement, and balance sheet. * Remember, this is not a thesis or introduction of what you will talk about – it contains the major, specific content of each section. The second and third paragraph should be written after you have completed all other sections of this template. * * As you complete sections of this template, please remove all italicized text in all sections of this template and replace it with your own or you will lose points! * * 2. 0 Sales Forecast 2. 0 Sales Forecast * * This section forecasts the sales of Papa Geo’s restaurant over a five-year period. Section 2. 1 gives the estimated sales figures and a brief explanation on the changes in these figures over the planning period. * Section 2. 2 delves into the details of how this sales estimate has been arrived at, calculations involved and the methods and assumptions used in the process. * Overall, this section is useful is providing an estimate of how much the restaurant can make in sales, given its internal specifics and external environment. * 2. 1 Sales Forecast * * The yearly sales forecast for Papa Geo’s restaurant is given below. In $ | Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Year 4 | Year 5 | Sales | 933,504. 00 | 1,555,840. 00 | 1,616,517. 76 | 1,679,561. 95 | 1,745,064. 87 | * My methods and assumptions for arriving at the sales figures in the table are detailed in section 2. 2 The sales figure estimated per my calculations is taken as the sale figure for Year 2. This is because the sales figure arrived at from the calculations cannot be assumed to be sales for Year 1 as the restaurant might not be able to realize its full potential and attract the estimated number of customers from day one itself. Also, teething problems with marketing, operations etc might not lead to optimum sales. Therefore, we will project only 60% of this figure as first year sales and use the estimated figure as the sales figure for Year 2. Over the planning period, starting from Year 2 onwards, sales are expected to grow at a rate of 3. 9% every year, in line with industry estimates of the average growth of the restaurant industry in the US (Source: Mintel International, cited in section 6. 0). * * 2. 2 Methods and Assumptions * According to the brief given on Papa Geo’s restaurant, there are about 10,000 families living within 15 minutes of the restaurant. Of these, between 3% and 5% are rich households (Phoenix marketing international, Wikipedia) and it is assumed that another 15% comprise of high income and upper middle class households. That leaves about 80% of the 10000 families in the area,that are the target market for the restaurant. * * According to a research paper (in restaurant. org), American families eat out about 4 times a week. However, considering that our target market comprises of mostly middle and lower income families, I’ve assumed that they eat out only about 2 times a week on an average. This means that, about 16000 families [(80%*10,000)*2] eat out in a week in that area in Ohio, Florida. * * In terms of competition, although it is mentioned that McDonalds, Taco Bell and Wendy’s operate in the area, we assume there are other small places that people might visit to eat out. Also, people might venture out beyond their areas to eat out. Keeping these in mind, we’ve assumed that these four places (Papa Geo’s, McDonald’s, Taco Bell and Wendy’s) will be able to capture only about 85% of these families. (16000*85%=13600/week). Of these four places, since the others are fast food and fast food restaurants generally command a larger footfall than other format restaurants we assume the following about their share in the pie of families: Taco Bell: 30%, McDonald’s: 30%, Wendy’s: 30% and Papa Geo’s: 10% * * i. e, Papa Geo’s can expect to capture 1360 (10%*13600) families per week. Since this is a family dining place, we make another assumption about the composition of the family. We assume that out of a family of 4, two are kids and two adults. Which means that about 2720 (1360*2) kids and 2720 adults (1360*2) will eat from Papa Geo’s per week. * * Given that a meal (including drinks) cost about $7, we make the following assumptions: * Adults visiting the restaurant will have meals (@ $7), on an average. * Kids visiting the restaurants with their families will make a bill of about $4 per head. Given this, we now estimate the weekly sales for adults and kids. Therefore, d * Sales from Adults per week: 2720*7 = 19040 * Sales from Kids per week: 2720*4 = 10880 * * Now, the total sales (both adults and kids, as part of families) per week can be estimated at: 19040+10880 = $29920 * Therefore, average sales per year = 1,555,840 * The sales figure estimated by these calculations is taken as the sale figure for Year 2. This is because the sales figure arrived a t from the calculations cannot be assumed to be sales for Year 1 as the restaurant might not be able to realize its full potential and attract the estimated number of customers from day one itself. Also, teething problems with marketing, operations etc might not lead to optimum sales. Therefore, we will project only 60% of this figure as first year sales, and use the estimated figure as the sales figure for Year 2. Over the planning period, starting from Year 2 onwards, sales are expected to grow at a rate of 3. 9% every year, in line with industry estimates of the average growth of the restaurant industry in the US (Source: Mintel International, cited in section 6. 0). * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 3. Capital Expenditure Budget 3. 0 Capital Expenditure Budget * * Capital Expenditure Budget: * Item| Cost| Quantity| Total cost| Source| Notes and Assumptions| Cost of registering a business| 300| | 300| ehow. com| Cost of registering includes: actual cost of registering ($70), legal fees and misc expenses (approx $230)| Renovation of facility| 15000| 1| 15000| Given| This includes all kinds of beautification etc that the restaurant needs to start operations| Soda fountain ba r| 3621| 1| 3621| Soda-dispenser. om| Prices quoted may or may not be the same at later dates| 2 pizza ovens| 849| 2| 1698| ebay| Prices quoted may or may not be the same at later dates| salad and Pizza/dessert bar| 1450| 1| 1450| ebay| Prices quoted may or may not be the same at later dates| Commercial Refrigerator| 3529| 1| 3529| Coldtechcommercial. com| Prices quoted may or may not be the same at later dates| Cash Register| 170| 2| 340| ebay| Prices quoted may or may not be the same at later dates| Video game vending machine| | | | | | Type 1| 550| 2| 1100| ebay| Prices quoted may or may not be the same at later dates| Type 2| 750| 2| 1500| ebay| Prices quoted may or may not be the same at later dates| Laptop for management| 275| 1| 275| ebay| Laptop purchased with Warranty, Price quoted may or may not be the same at later dates| desk for mgmt| 25| 1| 25| ebay| Prices quoted may or may not be the same at later dates| Staff Microwave| 319| 1| 319| ebay| Prices quoted may or may not be the same at later dates| Staff cupboard| 100| 1| 100| Assumed| | taff refriferator| 700| 1| 700| ebay| Prices quoted may or may not be the same at later dates| Tables for the restaurant| 279| 20| 5580| tableschairsbarstools. com| Prices quoted may or may not be the same at later dates| Chairs for the restaurant| 55| 80| 4400| restaurant-services. com| Prices quoted may or may not be the same at later dates| Busing cart for restaurant| 50| 1| 50| ebay| Prices quoted may or may not be the same at later dates| Commercial dishwasher| 2500| 1| 2500| ebay| Prices quoted may or may not be the same at later dates| Restaurant signage| 124| 1| 124| brightledsigns. om| Although this is a form of advertising, this wouldnt be considered as an operating cost given the long term (more than a year) nature of its use| Total| Â  | Â  | 42611| | | * * The above table provides an estimate of the capital budget required for Papa Geo’s restaurant. For each item, sources and assumptions used are explained towards the right side of the table. Other generic assumptions beyond those already mentioned are provided below: * Miscellaneous cooking and handling equipment cost will be considered operational expenses and will not be capitalized given the short term (less than a year) use of such assets.

Colonial Virginia Essay

Colonial Virginia Essay Colonial Virginia Essay The colony of Virginia was a very important part of American history. Virginia is now known as â€Å"the mother of states†, but there is a reason for this nickname. Not only was it one of the original 13 colonies, it was the first colony established, thanks to an English man named John Smith. There were many key events in our history that happened in the colony of Virginia. The government, language, customs, and beliefs of these early Virginians are all part of the United States’ heritage today. In the early 1600’s, English explorer Sir Walter Raleigh wanted to make more money for the Virginia Company, so he wanted to create a settlement. English queen, Queen Elizabeth I, wanted to expand trade, so she granted Sir Walter Raleigh a charter to go to the new world and create a settlement there. With one hundred forty four colonists on board, the first settlers left England on December 20th, 1606, with one goal on their mind: to find land where they would be concealed from the Spanish, seeing as the Spanish were a competitive threat to the British. On May 13th, 1607, the Susan Constant, the Godspeed, and the Discovery ships arrived in Jamestown. The Virginian Company of London financed the settlement of Jamestown. They made sure that the settlers and colonists made it to the new world. Once they arrived, King James I granted charters to the Virginia Company that then gave them the right to establish settlements in Virginia. This colony at first did not last long be cause the settlers wanted to find gold and get rich, so they did not bother building houses or finding food. Also, this group of settlers did not include any women or children, so they couldn’t expand the colony. In 1609, John Smith came to Virginia and established trade with the Indians that had already been living there. Captain John Smith became the colony’s leader in September 1608. Once he became the leader of the colony, he put the settlers to work. He made them build houses and find food for themselves, so they could survive. He wasn’t leader for long, though because he was injured in a gunpowder explosion and sent back to England. Then, a man named John Rolfe took over. He also put the settlers to work, and introduced the growing of tobacco into their farms. Before the colonists started growing tobacco, they had many economic problems. This may have been because they were lacking detailed geographic knowledge of the North American continent. Now, with tobacco, they could really start making money. Tobacco was the main economic activity in Virginia at this time. This cash crop became so popular that any farmer who wanted to grow it also had to grow 2 acres of corn, which was also an important crop for profit. In 1610, more settlers arrived with supplies and also came to find wealth. Virginia’s population grew rapidly. As more and more men came in, the need for indentured servants grew as well. The indentured servants did all the labor in the fields. Almost a decade past when the first black slaves arrived. The first few years they were treated as indentured servants. Soon black slaves replaced indentured servants and the primary source of labor. By this point, Native Americans had become a real problem. They went on raids to kill any settlers and burn their

Behavior Management Project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Behavior Management Project - Research Paper Example At some point, Brian has difficulties in interpreting academic instructions more particularly in absence of an adult help. When presented with academic instructions or exams, Brian would progressively become angry, uneasy, breaking down and crying profusely. In order to help Brian deal with these problems, the following behaviour intervention plan was designed. For a period of two weeks, Brian will be required to have a full time company of an adult helper while in class who will help him read questions whenever he is unable to read or finds it difficult. The adult will leave at a scheduled three time period every hour. Each break will last utmost 3 minutes in duration. It is expected that during this period, Brian will most likely face individual reading exam and would either get angry or cry uncontrollably causing a halt in exam administration. In addition, he may fail to complete his exam. The behavioural plan designed is aimed at teaching him the essence of self-control in his co nduct while dealing stressful situations in school and life after. During the interaction session, he will be taught how to manage his behaviour. In this regard, on the event he faces difficulty and senses a feeling of anger he will be required to stop whatever he does and raise up his hand for a short break. This would then be followed by a support schedule that would be given consistently and then slowly withdrawn. This is important in instilling in him the expected end behaviour without necessarily using reinforcement. After numerous weeks of implementing the intervention plan, it was found that on average the difficulties experienced in reading reduced considerably. However, some traces of anger would still be witnessed for example Brian would occasionally be noticed frowning during or after the exam or a reading session in class. If this recommended plan is continued, the end result would be desirable. Introduction Target behaviour Brian, a third grade student, is a normal stud ent like others except that he has difficulties in reading and working out questions by himself. This behaviour normally begins some few minutes after the start of examination session and worsens as it nears the end. The tension first rises then followed by a show of frustration and anger and eventual loud cry sobbing uncontrollably. The crying can last for a period of between 5 and 10 minutes and always happens whenever examinations are administered across all subjects. Hypothesis It is hypothesized from his behaviour that Brian engages in crying when he fails to recall what was taught in class prior to exam administration. He therefore thinks the exam given is too difficult and meant to frustrate him. He engages in crying as a means of letting off stress and as a show of frustration on the teachers. This behaviour is normally caused by inadequate preparation and excessive parental expectation. At the beginning of every examination, he actually needs the presence of one of the pare nts or an equivalent helper whose work is to acknowledge every simple step he makes in doing the exam. Rationale In order to assist Brian to do his work independently and deal adequately with his unworthy behaviour, there is a need to design and teach him necessary tools required to enhance self-control. His behaviour of crying whenever he fails to memorize what was earlier taught in class can effectively be minimized by teaching

Chapters 1-6 Summary of Forensic Science from the Crime Scene to the Essay

Chapters 1-6 Summary of Forensic Science from the Crime Scene to the Crime Lab - Essay Example These laws are applied so as to control the accomplishments of the forensic community. Forensic science is an enormous field that has a wide history of its appliance. The first documented autopsy belonged to Julius Caesar. This was during the 15th century that he produced his first textbook on forensics. In the book a murder occurred, and the murder weapon was identified by science. Times have developed, and forensic science is used in investigations to find out the causes of crimes. In the United States, a department of Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) was developed in the 1930s by J. Edgar Hoover, who is considered as the father of FBI. This department is used for investigating crime scenes and until today it mainly uses forensics science to come up with evidences. Edgar founded nation-wide laboratories to offer services in forensics. These crime laboratories delivered quality forensic services to all law implementation organisations in the United States. Thus, they play a significant role in providing proof of crimes by using fingerprints, Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and may more. Forensic scientists visit crime scenes to gather and analyse evidence by collaborating with the investigators and define their findings through comprehensive written reports. When investigating a crime scene, one has to know ways on how to secure the scene, take a survey and how to search it in order to find evidence. Therefore, first one should establish the dimensions of the scene and find the potential health and safety risks. This can be done by locating the focal point. At the scene, safety is very vital all through the primary approach to the crime scene. Individuals should be keen on biohazards, weapons, chemical hazards and deliberate traps might be waiting for the responders. Hence, people on the scene including medics, coroners and fire fighters should be given advice on evidentiary

How Sound Is Used Expressively in M Essay Example for Free

How Sound Is Used Expressively in M Essay In the beginning of the movie everything appears normal but within minutes you are thrown into a frantic time in Germany. A serial killer of children is on the loose and a mother waits at home for her young daughter. When are then shown her growing anticipation for her daughter to get home but at the same time shown her daughter talking to a shadowy figure who buys her a balloon. Her mother screams her name over and over as the camera shows different scenes. This is expressive because the sound of her voice shows how worried she is and the interchanging scenes show she is nowhere to be found. Then the scene of her ball rolling into the brush and her balloon tangles in the electrical wires signifies her death. Without the mothers screams the scene would not have delivered the dramatics that it did. Another instance of sound being used expressively was the part in the movie where the minister and the chief of police are discussing finding Elsie’s killer. They show many scenes of the police doing various investigations including combing areas for clues, interrogating people, night raids and trying to pick up scents with a dog. This scene shows how intense there investigation is and the chief’s monologue gives you the added intensity of the situation. With the chief talking about how they plan to find the killer and the scenes of the police doing their investigation being shown, Lang manages to expressively show a wide scale investigation in a short time with aural and visual aspects. It’s something that could not be done with a silent movie. The essence of the movie is then truly captured with the parallel sequence shots depicting the criminal underworlds meeting and the police meeting. M is not only a story about a serial killer but, it shows the similarities at the time of the criminals and the police due to the lack of control in postwar Germany. This comparison is very expressively shown when Lang uses what they are saying to show how very similar they are. Everything from both the rooms being filled with cigarette smoke to dialogue that is seemingly mirrored from their separate meetings, is a great

Friar Lawrence Caused the Deaths of Romeo and Juliet Essay -- Romeo a

‘Romeo and Juliet’ The play ‘Romeo and Juliet’, by William Shakespeare is a tragedy which tells of the tragic deaths of the two lovers, Romeo and Juliet. In Verona there were two families the Montague and the Capulet’s who had an old argument. Their children Romeo and Juliet fall in love and because of their families old arguments can never be together. Because of Romeo ‘s killing of Tybalt, Romeo is banished and through series of misunderstanding Romeo and Juliet take there lives at the end of the play. In this essay I am going to consider which characters are to be blame for the tragic deaths of Romeo and Juliet. There are many characters who could be said to have some responsibility for the deaths of the two main characters, but in my opinion, Romeo himself, Friar Lawrence and the Nurse are the most responsible for the deaths of Romeo and Juliet. Before I go on to discuss the character that who is to blame for the deaths of Romeo and Juliet, I will consider what the word blame means; the word blame means ‘responsibility for a fault or wrong.’ Romeo the youngest son of the Lord and Lady Montague was in fact a major influence on the events leading up to the deaths of himself and his wife Juliet. He acted too hastily throughout the play. He shouldn’t have asked Juliet to marry him so suddenly, and he should have thought more carefully before rushing back to Verona after hearing of Juliet’s death. He also acted violently and without thinking when he killed Tybalt. In the beginning of the play, he was deeply in love with Rosaline. He was acting like he will never love any other person in his life and when Benvolio... ...essage to Romeo. ‘I’ll sent a friar with speed to Mantua, with my letter to thy lord. It shows that it was Friar Lawrence’s responsibility to get the plan to Romeo and he acted as an irresponsible by just sending only one letter and not thinking that this letter will reach to Mantua or not. In conclusion I think the most responsible is Friar Lawrence because he made a risky plan which led to the deaths of the two lovers. The second character that I think is the most to blame for the deaths of Romeo and Juliet is Romeo himself, because he was too quick to fall in love, he was in love first with Rosaline then Juliet. He was making decision without thinking and too quick to act. The third character I think the Nurse, because she carried Romeo and Juliet’s messages and helped the two lovers to get married secretly.

Positive Psychology – a Well Lived Life

What constitutes a well-lived life? Defining the meaning of life and the conditions, traits and features of a well-lived life is a question that throughout history engrossed theologians, philosophers, artists and, more recently, positive psychologists. This essay outlines findings from a selection of the literature and research to answer this question with the aim of identifying whether happiness is the true sign and the ultimate goal and marker of a well-lived life.This review of the literature has yielded findings that possessing a disposition towards gratitude is not only indicated to be present in a well-lived life, but can enhance and improve mental, physical and spiritual life outcomes. The different research models used to explain, measure and identify the markers of a well-lived life are briefly outlined, and finally further research directions are indicated to expand understanding about how gratitude affects life satisfaction outcomes in specific populations.A challenge in r esearching this topic is that the literature describes happiness and well-lived in terms that are used by different researchers interchangeably and inconsistently. In this essay and in accordance with the literature reviewed, the terms happiness and the well-lived life are used synonymously. Definitions A problem with defining a well-lived life is that the terms well-being and happiness (Frey, 2011; Kristjansson, 2010), and the good life and happiness (Dunn & Brody, 2008) are used by researchers interchangeably.Indeed Diener (2000) notes that the very term well-being has come to be known in common usage as happiness. Seligman (2011, pp 420) notes that sometimes the terms happiness and well-being define emotions whilst at other times refer to activities. This ambiguous terminology has caused some to criticize Positive Psychology but, as both Lazarus (2003) and Kristjansson (2010) point out, precise definitions to describe a well-lived life have also eluded philosophers and other acad emics for over 2,000 years.Imprecision of terminology aside, many have attempted to describe the conditions required to nurture a good or well-lived life. Some researchers have described the good life as one full of the hedonistic pursuit of frequent positive experiences (Lyubomirsky, Sheldon, & Schkade, 2005). Others have described it in terms of the result of employing unique talents to achieve abundance (Seligman, 2002), whilst still others have argued that the good life involves personal growth (Bauer, McAdams, & Sakaeda, 2005).Seligman (2002) argues that these descriptions are all valid because there are different pathways to happiness, although it is by combining them that one lives a full or well-lived life. He describes these pathways as the pleasant life, concerned with hedonistic pursuits, the good life, concerned with gratification of desire and the meaningful life, using ones talent to serve a higher purpose (Seligman & Royzman, 2003). Research Findings And ChallengesEar ly studies involved in identifying precisely what elements contribute to life satisfaction involved field research with participant self-reported satisfaction ratings recorded against a range of factors (Diener, 2000; Lazarus, 2003; Lyubomirsky et al. , 2005). Self reported satisfaction ratings are problematic because they are, as noted by Kristjansson (2010), by their very nature subjective. People in difficult situations can report themselves as living a good life, whereas people who are in happier circumstances can report themselves as having low life satisfaction.Additionally the factors used to measure life satisfaction are problematic because what some would consider critical to a well-lived life may be anathema to another (Bauer et al. , 2005) or not supported by the participants culture (Diener, 2000; Peterson, Ruch, Beermann, Park & Seligman, 2007). Further research is indicated to firstly identify what factors are actually desired in a good life, rather than simply measuri ng and reporting happiness levels (Kristjansson, 2010). Diener’s (2000) and Peterson et al. 2007) findings appear to support Kristjansson’s suggestion (2010). Both research studies identified significant cross country differences not only in the rates of life satisfaction but also the factors rated as important to life satisfaction. The findings appear to indicate that individualistic cultures, or those that place high value on individual choice and desires, and collectivist cultures, where the needs of group are paramount, prioritise factors contributing to life satisfaction differently (Diener, 2000).By way of example, Diener (2000) notes that participants from collectivist cultures may sacrifice personal desires for the common good, and this is not a normative feature of individualistic cultures. Diener further notes that sacrifice in collectivist cultures may, in fact, benefit the individual by providing them with the knowledge they are performing their duty. The c oncept of personal sacrifice as a factor affecting life satisfaction does not appear to be studied in the literature reviewed for this essay.Despite the significance of the findings in both studies, the researchers note a limitation of their design is that is that they relied upon self-selected participants who were motivated enough to complete the survey (Diener, 2000; Peterson et al. , 2007). This may have resulted in bias. Conclusions concerning differences in cross cultural impacts upon life satisfaction levels and factors are not unanimous. A study conducted by Linley, Joseph, Harrington and Wood (2006) found no significant difference in life satisfaction ratings or factors amongst participants from different cultures, ages or gender.A limitation of this research however, as noted by the authors, is that the study only included a small number of countries with participants who could speak and respond in English (Linley et al. , 2006). It may well be that the participants who re sponded to the survey were Westernised. Linley et al. (2006) indicate that the study should be repeated using a multi-lingual questionnaire so that participants are drawn from a wider sample. The Social Component of a Well Lived Life Examining the literature outlining models related to a well-lived life yields important clues towards determining the ultimate signs of a well lived life.The three pathways model of a full life which includes the pleasant life of hedonistic pursuits, the good life full of desire gratification and the meaningful life (Seligman & Royzman, 2003), has been criticized because the model could be applied to the non ethical, such as drug dealers, as well as those engaged in more ethical activities alike (Kristjansson, 2010). Seligman (2000) noted this as a possibility but argues this is not problematic because science is not concerned with morality.Morality aside, anti-social activities do not necessarily promote relationships and research indicates that a well lived life does indeed involve actions that promote positive social relationships (Bauer et al. , 2005; McCullough, Kimeldorf & Cohen, 2008; Peterson et al. , 2007). One way that Kristjansson (2010) suggests that the thorny issue of morality and psychology could be overcome is by applying values to define those behaviours that fall outside of societal norms, although this may result in other issues if these norms are restrictive.Although Kristjansson is not a psychologist, the idea that a well-lived life should involve societal norms does seem to be supported by Diener (2000) who suggests that societal pressures do have some bearing upon individual life satisfaction reporting. Building on the concept that a life satisfaction includes a social component, Bauer et al. (2005) argue that a well lived life includes social experiences and the ability to ascribe those experiences to a positive meaning. They go on to explain that in psychological terms this translates to having a balance b etween social interactions and having positive feelings about them (Bauer et al. 2005). These findings imply that there is indeed a social element to a life well lived which is supported by further research. Peterson et al. (2007) found that the sociable character traits such as gratitude have strong effects upon life satisfaction. Indeed Peterson et al. (2007) note that social character traits such as gratitude are more strongly correlated with life satisfaction than the three pathways to happiness (Seligman & Royzman, 2003, pp 153). Gratitude As with a well-lived life, gratitude is not easily defined (Wood, Froh & Geraghty, 2010).Although gratitude is variously described as an emotion, a trait and an action, nevertheless the literature indicates that a grateful disposition tends to be positively associated with happiness and a well-lived life (McCullough, Emmons & Tsang, 2002; McCullough et al. , 2008; Wood, Joseph & Maltby, 2008). Typically, gratitude is described as a response t hat occurs after the receipt of something perceived as positive due to the prosocial actions of another (Emmons & McCullough, 2003).Aware of the limitations of previous field research, Emmons and McCullough (2003) attempted to apply a study design that randomly assigned participants to different treatment conditions. They found a difference in mean well being scores across gratitude treatment groups from the comparison group, although less than expected, concluding that gratitude tended to increase psychological, social and spiritual well-being. One of the limitations noted in the study design (Emmons & McCullough, 2003), however, was that the study period was only three weeks long which ay not have been long enough to identify changes in responses. This limitation has been commented upon by others (Lazarus, 2003). Indeed, Lazarus (2003) notes in particular that the lack of longitudinal studies in Positive Psychology studies concerning life satisfaction makes it difficult to identif y causation and track precisely how different circumstances affect individuals, whatever the factors that contribute to a well lived life. Kristjansson (2010) notes that this is not a problem unique to studies of well-lived lives. Wood et al. 2010) noted that the definition of gratitude used in the Emmons and McCullough (2003) study did not include all of the things participants reported gratitude for that did not include a benefactor. He proposed that gratitude includes an eight level hierarchical life orientation including in ascending order; noticing and appreciating life could be worse, life is short, the present moment, engaging in ritual acts of thankfulness, admiring beauty, focusing on what one has, appreciating other people and reflecting upon what one has to be thankful for (Wood, et al. 2010). Using this expanded definition, Wood, linked gratitude to the Big Five traits, used to broadly describe human personality (Watson, Clark, & Harkness, 1994) and that people who are g rateful tend to be more agreeable, sociable, less neurotic, conscientious and extroverted. Commenting upon the benefits of gratitude, Lyubomirsky et al. (2005) note that an attitude of gratitude appears to be incompatible with negative life feelings such as greed and envy.They note that appears to encourage individuals to reflect on experiences and social relationships in a positive way. It has also been suggested that gratitude appears to protect individuals from depression (Wood et al. , 2010) and support recovery from injury (Dunn & Brody, 2008). Possible Future Research Directions The literature indicates several interesting areas for future research. The first, based on observations by Wood et al. (2010) is that there have been only a few studies studying the direct relationship between gratitude and happiness.Given the lack of longitudinal research to date as noted by Lazarus (2003) and alluded to by Emmons and McCullough (2003), it may well be promising to conduct intra-indiv idual longitudinal research of the impact of gratitude on an individual’s perception of happiness when experiencing the normal stressors of daily living (Lazarus, 2003). It may also be useful to apply a longitudinal study to examine if the things that make one grateful change across cultures, ages and genders (Diener, 2000; Linley et al. , 2006; Peterson et al. 2007) although it would be highly recommended to avoid using self-selected participants in the study. Conclusion Defining a life well-lived and the factors associated with it is a problem that has defied easy explanation for philosophers and other academics across the ages. Much of the previous research has involved recording self-reporting by participants. Given this and the fact that the very nature of happiness and a life well lived is a subjective experience, it has been argued that a propensity for gratitude impacts on an individual’s ability to view their lives in a positive way, despite individual circums tances.It has also been argued that an attitude of gratefulness has several physical and mental benefits for the individual, although these studies have not yet examined precisely if the factors that make an individual grateful change across cultures and genders. Further research is indicated in this fascinating area, possibly using longitudinal studies to explore how gratitude enables individuals to view adverse circumstances differently over time. References Bauer, J. J. , McAdams, D. P. , & Sakaeda, A. R. (2005). Interpreting the Good Life: Growth Memories in the Lives of Mature, Happy People.Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 88, 203-217. doi:10. 1037/0022-3514. 88. 1. 203 Diener, E. (2000). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index. American Psychologist, 55(1), 34-43. Dunn, D. S. , & Brody, C. (2008). Defining the good life following acquired physical disability. Rehabilitation Psychology, 53(4), 413-425. doi:10. 1037/a00137 49 Emmons, R. A. , & McCullough, M. E. (2003). Counting blessings versus burdens: An experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life. Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 84, 377-389. oi:10. 1037/0022-3514. 84. 2. 377 Kristjansson, K. (2010). Positive psychology, happiness, and virtue: The troublesome conceptual issues. Review Of General Psychology, 14(4), 296-310. doi:10. 1037/a0020781 Lazarus, R S. (2003). The Lazarus Manifesto For Positive Psychology And Psychology In General. Psychological inquiry, 14(2), 173-189. Linley, P. , Joseph, S. , Harrington, S. , & Wood, A. M. (2006). Positive psychology: Past, present, and (possible) future. Journal Of Positive Psychology, 1(1), 3-16. doi:10. 1080/17439760500372796 Lyubomirsky, S. , Sheldon, K. M. , & Schkade, D. 2005). Pursuing happiness: The architecture of sustainable change. Review Of General Psychology, 9(2), 111-131. doi:10. 1037/1089-2680. 9. 2. 111 McCullough, M. E. , Emmons, R. A. , & Tsang, J. (2002). The grateful disposition: A conceptual and empirical topography. Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 82(1), 112-127. doi:10. 1037/0022-3514. 82. 1. 112 McCullough, M. E. , Kimeldorf, M. B. , & Cohen, A. D. (2008). An Adaptation for Altruism The Social Causes, Social Effects, and Social Evolution of Gratitude. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17(4), 281-286.Peterson, C. , Ruch, W. , Beermann, U. , Park, N. , & Seligman, M. P. (2007). Strengths of character, orientations to happiness, and life satisfaction. Journal Of Positive Psychology, 2(3), 149-156. doi:10. 1080/17439760701228938 Seligman, M. E. P. , & Royzman, E. (2003). Happiness: The three traditional theories. Adapted and edited by Paul Quek. Retrieved from http://pq. 2004. tripod. com/happiness_three_traditional_theories. pdf Seligman, M. E. P. (2011). Authentic Happiness. Nicholas Brealey Publishing. Retrieved July 27, 2012, from Ebook Library. Watson, D. , Clark, L. A. & Harkness, A. R. (1994). Structures of personality and their relevance to psychopathology. Journal Of Abnormal Psychology, 103(1). 18-31. doi:10. 1037/0021-843X. 103. 1. 18 Wood. A. M. , Joseph, S, & Maltby, J. (2008) Gratitude uniquely predicts satisfaction with life: Incremental validity above the domains and facets of the five factor model. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(1), pp 49–54 Wood, A. M. , Froh, J. J. , & Geraghty, A. W. A. (2010) Gratitude and well-being: A review and theoretical integration. Clinical Psychology Review, 2010, Vol. 30(7), pp. 890-905.

Work Definition in Chemistry

The word work means different things in different contexts. In science, it is a thermodynamic concept.  The SI unit for work is the  joule. Physicists and chemists, in particular, view work in relation to energy: Work Definition Work is the energy required to move an object against a force. In fact, one definition of energy is the capacity to do work. There are many different kinds of work. Examples include: Electrical workWork against gravityWork against a magnetic fieldMechanical work Key Takeaways: Work Definition in Science In physical science, such as physics and chemistry, work is force multiplied by distance.Work occurs if there is movement in the direction of the force.The SI unit of work is the joule (J). This is the work expended by a force of one newton (N) over a displacement of one meter (m). Mechanical Work Mechanical work is the type of work most commonly dealt with in physics and chemistry. It includes work moving against gravity (e.g., up an elevator) or any opposing force. Work is equal to the force times the distance the object moves: w F*d where w is work, F is the opposing force, and d is the distance This equation may also be written as: w m*a*d where a is the acceleration PV Work Another common type of work is pressure-volume work. This is work done by frictionless pistons and ideal gases. The equation to calculate the expansion or compression of a gas is: w -PΔV where w is work, P is pressure, and ΔV is the change in volume Sign Convention for Work Note that equations for work employ the following sign convention: Work performed by the system on the surroundings has a negative sign.Heat flow from the system into the surroundings has a negative sign.